Influence of welding speed and power on residual stress during gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of thin sections with constant heat input: A study using numerical simulation and experimental validation

The temperature distribution and residual stresses for a GTAW circumferential butt joint of AISI 304 stainless steel using numerical simulation have been evaluated. For evaluation of weld induced residual stresses, the analysis of heat source fitting was carried out with heat inputs ranging from 200 to 500 J/mm to arrive at optimal heat input for obtaining proper weld penetration and heat affected zone (HAZ). For this chosen heat input, the influence of different weld speeds and powers on the temperature distribution and the residual stresses is studied. The heat source analysis revealed the best choice of heat input as 300 J/mm. The residual stresses on the inner and outer surfaces, and along the radial direction were computed. Increase in temperature distribution as well as longitudinal and circumferential residual stresses was observed with the increase in weld speed and power. The validity of the results obtained from numerical simulation is demonstrated with full scale shop floor welding experiments.     

基于轻量级梯度提升机的南京大气臭氧浓度预测

采用南京地区2015年1月至2016年12月期间的空气质量数据和常规气象资料数据,分析了南京地区O₃浓度变化特征,建立基于轻量级梯度提升机(LightGBM)的O₃浓度预测模型,并将该模型与支持向量机、循环神经网络和随机森林等3种在空气质量预测方向上常用的机器学习方法进行了对比,验证模型的有效性和可行性.结果表明,南京地区O₃浓度变化具有显著的季节性差异,浓度变化受前期浓度、气象因子和其他空气污染物浓度的共同影响.LightGBM模型较为准确地预测了南京地区地面O₃浓度(R²=0.92),且该模型的预测精度和计算效率等性能优于其他模型.尤其是在容易出现臭氧污染的高温天气,该模型预测准确性明显高于其他模型,模型稳定性较好.LightGBM具有预测准确度高、稳定性好、有良好的泛化能力和运算时间短等特点,在O₃浓度预测方面具有显著的优势.     

Novel Temperature Control Technique for a Medicinal Herb Dryer System Powered by a Photovoltaic Array

Each plant has its own optimal drying temperature, especially for the medicinal herbs, because they are sensitive to heat. If the drying temperature becomes more than the optimal value, some chemical reactions will occur and influence the quality of the dried herb, such as color, taste, and aroma. While if the drying temperature becomes lower than the optimal value, the drying process will slow down, and consequently an expected degradation in the quality of the herb may occur, due to insects and fungi infestation which increase in moist conditions. This paper presents a new temperature control technique for a medicinal herb dryer system. The technique fixes the drying temperature of the medicinal herbs at 40^°C, even in cases of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The control of the dryer temperature is achieved through using the proportional integral (PI) controller. The designed dryer contains two systems, which are the thermal and the electrical systems. The thermal system is designed to heat the drying air by using solar energy and bio-gas fuel. Whereas the electrical system, which contains a photovoltaic (PV) modules and a battery, is designed to supply the different electrical loads of the dryer system. The control technique is investigated through simulation work by using MATLAB-SIMULINK. The simulation results indicate the high capability of the proposed technique in controlling the drying temperature, even in cases of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions.     

基于CFD模拟的不同尺度竖井模型内烟气温度分布相似性的研究

通过小尺寸实验来研究实际建筑结构的火蔓延和烟气控制是一种已经被验证的十分有效的方法。经典方法中尺寸缩放只需要保证Froude数不变即可。采用CFD模拟的方法研究由火灾引起的烟气羽流在高层建筑竖井内的温度分布情况,建立三种不同尺寸高层建筑竖井的相似模型,并对比模拟结果,得出了尺寸缩放的规律:在保证Froude数不变的前提下,还需保证竖井结构内的流动为湍流;同时得到了着火房间通风口无量纲面积大小和火源位置变化对不同尺寸模型内流动相似性效果的影响规律。     

Effect of methamidophos on soil fungi community in microcosms by plate count, DGGE and clone library analysis

Methamidophos was widely used a pesticide in northern China. The potential influences of methamidophos on soil fungal community in black soil were assessed by plate count, 28S rDNA-PCR-DGGE, and clone library analysis. Three methamidophos levels (50, 150, and 250 mg/kg) were tested in soil microcosms. Results from plate count during a 60-d microcosm experiment showed that high concentrations of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) could significantly stimulate fungal populations. DCGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting patterns showed a significant difference between the responses of culturable and total fungi communities under the stress of methamidophos. Shannon diversity indices calculated from DGGE profiles indicated that culturable fungi in all microcosms with methamidophos treatment increased after 1 week of incubation. However, the diversity indices of total fungi decreased in the first week, as compared to the stimulation of culturable fungi. At the 8th week, however, all the microcosms treated by methamidophos were similar to the control microcosms in community structure as suggested by the Shannon diversity indices for both culturable and total fungi. In contrast, after 1 week the fungal structure of culturable and unculturable both were disturbed to different extent under the stresses of methamidophos by clustering analysis. Clone sequencing analysis indicated the stimulation of pathogenic and unculturable fungal populations by methamidophos treatment, suggetsing potential risks of plant disease outbreak.     

爆炸冲击环境下内凹蜂窝型梯度结构响应特性研究*

为提升应急救援人员防护服抗爆能力,减少爆炸事故中人员伤亡数量,以内凹蜂窝型梯度结构为研究对象,采用爆炸冲击实验与数值有限元法相结合的研究手段,通过改变胞元尺寸与胞元凹角对梯度蜂窝结构进行优化,分析梯度结构在爆炸冲击环境下冲击波衰减效率和力学响应规律。结果表明:同等质量条件下,内凹蜂窝结构尺寸梯度为2.58 mm-3.40 mm-2.58 mm、角度梯度30°-22.5°-30°时对冲击波的衰减效应最佳,衰减效率分别为85.44%,82.29%。研究结果可为同时满足轻质、高强抗爆要求的防护服结构设计提供技术支撑。     

实验室太阳辐射试验中温度测量的分析

按GJB 150.7-1986中稳态长期光化学效应的试验要求,对线缆样件进行了实验室太阳辐射试验。温度测量结果显示,样件的附加温升显著,且内部存在热梯度。     

高频间歇梯度曝气启动短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥

反硝化除磷与厌氧氨氧化耦合可进一步降低脱氮除磷所需的碳源,而稳定获取NO₂^--N是两工艺独立、联合运行的关键.因此,以低C/N生活污水为研究对象,接种絮状污泥及少量长期贮存的好氧颗粒污泥,采用两段梯度曝气,并控制停曝时间（3min：3min）,即以高频间歇梯度曝气模式,经60d的富集培养,将其诱导成具有短程硝化反硝化除磷功能的颗粒污泥,并分析了此过程中系统脱氮除磷性能变化.结果表明,稳定时期内,颗粒污泥平均粒径达841μm,SVI为31.23ml/g,颗粒结构致密,沉降性能良好.出水NO₃^--N小于0.1mg/L,TP<0.7mg/L,NO₂^--N>15mg/L,实现了P的高效去除和NO₃^--N的积累,并可为后续耦合Anammox提供稳定NO₂^--N基质.批次实验结果表明,颗粒中可利用NO₂^--N为电子受体的DPAOs占达57.63%,其富集提高了系统除磷能力.高频梯度间歇曝气可实现AOB与DPAOs的高度耦合,但仅以间歇曝气难以实现NOB的抑制,后通过在"氨谷点"前段,加入梯度曝气优化实际限氧曝气点,可强化对NOB的抑制,从而实现良好的亚硝酸盐积累.     

不同来流下火旋风的实验研究

已有的实验研究和数值模拟表明:火旋风存在一种中空燃烧的状态.本文通过燃烧风洞,对不同来流影响下的火旋风进行分析研究.通过一个置于大型燃烧风洞中的边角开有切向进风口的六边形小尺寸火旋风发生模型,应用热电偶测温和皮托管测速以及电子数据采集系统,对该模型内的温度分布数据和速度分布数据进行采集.通过燃烧风洞改变来流速度的大小,分析不同来流速度下火旋风内部的温度分布、速度分布和持续时间,研究来流速度对火旋风内部燃烧结构的影响、火旋风旋转速度的影响以及持续时间的影响.研究表明:来流改变了火旋风内部的燃烧结构,促进了中空燃烧状态的形成.中空燃烧状态有一个中心的低温区域.在中心低温区域温度最低时,火旋风持续时间最长.来流增强了火旋风的整体转动,并且加剧了火旋风的螺旋状上升.     

温升速率对某防火保护简支钢梁耐火时间的影响

在钢结构抗火研究中通常基于标准温升曲线分析钢构件的火灾响应特性,采用更接近实际火灾场景的BFD自然温升曲线,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS研究了不同火灾温升速率对某防火保护简支钢梁耐火时间的影响,并与经验公式法进行比较。结果表明:有限元分析结果与经验公式法的计算结果基本一致;不同温升速率会导致钢梁温度场变化的差异性,进而影响钢梁的耐火时间;在快速温升时,荷载大小对钢梁耐火时间的影响较大;当荷载较大时,钢梁耐火温度降低,快速温升下钢梁耐火时间较短。