Ecotoxicologial evaluation of wastewater ozonation based on detritus-detritivore interactions

Advanced oxidation technologies such as ozonation have been proposed to improve removal efficiency of micropollutants during wastewater treatment. In a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature, we found no ecotoxicological effects of wastewater ozonation on invertebrates (n = 82), but significant adverse effects on bacteria (n = 24) and fish (n = 5). As information on functional endpoints or trophic interactions is lacking, we applied a bioassay relating to leaf litter decomposition to fill this gap. Leaf discs exposed to ozone-treated wastewater with a high (1.04 mg O₃ (mg DOC)⁻¹, n = 49) ozone concentration were significantly preferred by an aquatic detritivore, Gammarus fossarum, over discs conditioned in wastewater not treated with ozone. This effect might have been mediated by reduced bacterial and elevated fungal biomass, and appears to be the first demonstration of wastewater ozonation impacts on invertebrates and an associated ecosystem process. In accordance with the food-choice trials, chemical analyses revealed significantly decreased concentrations of organic micropollutants in wastewater treated with ozone at high concentrations. Thus, food-choice trials as applied here hold promise to assess environmental effects of advanced oxidation technologies in wastewater treatment and appear to be a valuable complement to the ecotoxicological toolbox in general.     

浓硫酸低温分解废弃稀土抛光粉工艺研究

采用浓硫酸低温分解回收废弃稀土抛光粉,考察了硫酸用量、分解温度和反应时间对分解效果的影响,结果显示,较佳实验条件下,稀土收率可达95%以上。通过热重-差热与红外光谱联用技术实时在线监测技术,表明分解过程分为2个阶段,分别在270℃和300℃温度范围附近,稀土氧化物和稀土氟氧化物与硫酸发生反应。     

粉尘云最小点火温度测试实验系统设计

通过对Godbert -Greenwald恒温炉分析与改造 ,设计了粉尘云最小点火温度实验装置 ,并建立了相应的测试系统。调试结果表明 ,该实验系统扬尘均匀性、温控精度及结果可重复性能良好     

Mitigation of greenhouse gases by adoption of improved biomass cookstoves

Greenhouse gases especially CO₂ can be reduced with the help of improved biomass cookstoves. This paper deals with the design and development of biomass stoves (single pot and double pot) with better efficiency for meeting household cooking energy requirement. Thermal performance, flue gas emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) have been investigated. It was seen from the result that the flue gas emission is within permissible limit as recommended by World Health Organization. The design of improved biomass stove sent to Palampur (32^o10’N,76^o30’E) center situated in Himalaya in hilly terrain of India, where the acceptability of double pot stoves (85%) is quite high compared to single pot stoves (30%). Thermal efficiencies of both single and double pot stove were recorded about 21% and 25% respectively. An improved biomass cookstove can save about 161 kg of CO₂ annually. Improved cookstoves was found eco-friendly in nature and suitable for the cooking requirement of hilly areas.     

有机污染场地土壤热解吸技术研究进展

文章在总结国内外研究的基础上,介绍热解吸技术原理、分类及典型旋转干燥热解吸系统,重点梳理热解吸技术运行参数(加热温度、停留时间和载气)、土壤性质(质地、粒径、含水率和有机质)和污染物性质(种类、浓度和形态)对热解吸效率影响的研究现状,评述热解吸技术强化措施(添加剂、联合其他技术)、动力学研究(常用模型、研究现状)、热解...     

Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.     

佛山市垃圾填埋场地下废气组成与产量研究

在佛山市五峰山垃圾卫生填埋场安装地下废气监测井,对地下废气的组成与性质进行监测,在位于较迟填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地下废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较高,较稳定,在位于较早填埋垃圾区域的监测井内,地上废气ＣＨ４、ＣＯ２的浓度较低,变化也较大,且在最后一次监测中,井内的废气已失去了垃圾填埋场废气的特征,说明地下垃圾的厌氧分解过程已经完成或者厌氧环境已被破坏,前后只约持续了４ａ的时间,远低于预期所需的１０－     

NO-CO-CO2-N2体系中若干金属氧化物对NO去除反应的催化作用

采用固定床流动反应装置，考察Ｃｕ２Ｏ、ＣｕＯ、Ｃｒ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＭｎＯ２、Ｎｉ２Ｏ３、Ｖ２Ｏ５等金属氧化物对ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中ＮＯ去除反应的催化作用，同时，分析了ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中金属氧化物对ＮＯ去除的作用。研究结果表明，各金属氧化物对ＮＯ去除反应均有不同程度的催化活性，其中Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、Ｎｉ２Ｏ３、ＣｕＯ等对ＮＯ的去除显示出较强的催化作用。金属氧化物存在条件下ＮＯＣＯＣＯ２Ｎ２体系中，ＮＯ去除反应较为复杂，ＮＯ／ＣＯ气相直接反应、低价氧化物对ＮＯ的还原作用、金属氧化物对ＮＯ分解反应的催化作用及金属氧化物对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化作用等都可能存在。大部分金属氧化物以对ＮＯ／ＣＯ反应的催化作用为主，而Ｎｉ２Ｏ３的预还原试样对ＮＯ的直接分解反应表现了极强的催化活性。     

草地枯落物分解研究进展及展望

草地枯落物是草地生态系统中生物组分枯死后所有有机物质的总称,是草地生态系统重要的组成部分,是除冠层外,大气与矿质土壤层、植物根系层进行物质与能量交换的另一介质,在生态学中起着不可替代的作用。随着西部大开发战略和退耕还林还草工程的实施,大型家畜等草食性动物退出草地生态系统后,枯落物成为草地生态系统物质和能量循环的重要调节枢纽。近年来,随着全球应对气候变化、节能减排和低碳经济所面临的压力,作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分,草地枯落物的研究被越来越多的学者所重视。文章在综述国内外大量文献的基础上,对草地枯落物的概念进行了比较分析,对其进行了准确定义;归纳出了尼龙网袋法、室内分解培养法、现量估算法和同位素法等多种草地枯落物分解方法,并就枯落物分解过程中经常采用的分解率概算模型、时间衰减模型、影响因子关系模型等进行了比较分析,总结出枯落物的分解是由淋溶、自然粉碎和代谢等3个主要作用,碎屑食物链、腐食食物链等2种不同的食物链共同组成的复杂过程。开展长期定位监测、形成统一的研究方法,探索枯落物分解过程中碳循环微观机理,以及影响因子之间的交互作用是未来草地枯落物研究工作的重点。     

能源足迹变化的多因素影响效应研究——以吉林省为例

采用对数平均迪氏指数法构建能源足迹因素分解模型,定量分析1994—2008年吉林省能源足迹变化的主要影响因素及其效应特征。结果表明,1994—2008年,吉林省人均能源足迹从0.228 hm2增至0.524 hm2。在能源足迹增长的抑制因素中,能源强度效应占84.54%,排放因子效应占15.46%;在能源足迹增长的促进因素中,经济产出效应占91.39%,能源结构效应占4.30%,人口规模效应占3.73%,土地固碳效应占0.57%。以经济产出因素为主导的正效应明显大于以能源强度因素为主导的负效应,两者之比为1.73∶1,叠加表现为对能源足迹增长的促进作用,导致其总体呈递增趋势。此外,在正、负效应的双变量格局下,能源足迹呈复合曲面分布。目前减缓吉林省能源足迹增长的重点在于通过技术进步促进能源强度下降,同时需调整能源结构以发挥其应有的抑制作用。