Experimental and theoretical research on the inhibition performance of ethanol gasoline/air explosion by C6F12O

The safety issue of ethanol gasoline and the methods to control or weaken its explosion have attracted attention. To clarify the effect of C₆F₁₂O (perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone)) on the explosion of ethanol gasoline-air mixtures and intrinsic mechanism, the explosion overpressure and flame propagation behavior under different equivalence ratios (φ = 0.6–0.8) and C₆F₁₂O concentrations (χ_inh = 0–4.0%) were experimentally obtained. The detailed inhibitor reaction process was also obtained by CHEMKIN based on a new assembly kinetic mechanism. The results show that the effects of C₆F₁₂O on the explosion characteristics of ethanol gasoline varied with χ_inh and φ. For rich flames, C₆F₁₂O is more effective than and heptafluoropropane (C₃HF₇) and nitrogen (N₂) in suppressing explosions; for lean and equivalence ratio flames, the addition of C₆F₁₂O may result in more severe explosions. The decrease in chemical reactivity is mainly because the mole fractions of OH and H radicals and the proportion of paths H radicals involved decrease after adding C₆F₁₂O, and R1500: CF₃COF + H = CF₃CO + HF, R965: CF₂:O + H = CF:O + HF, R863: CF₃ + H = CF₂ + HF are main suppressing reactions.     

Influence of sewage culvert cover plate thickness on dynamic response and damage of the cover plate under gas explosion

In order to address the risk of combustible gas explosions in sewage culverts, a numerical model was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The model consisted of a culvert and a cover plate, and was used to study the effect of cover plate thickness (ranging from 0.08 m to 0.12 m) on the dynamic response and damage of the structure under explosive loads. The results indicated that, during the loading negative pressure stage, the equivalent stress peak value of the central monitoring unit of the cover plate first increased and then decreased with increasing cover plate thickness. Additionally, the maximum principal stress peak value first decreased and then increased, while the maximum shear stress peak value first increased and then decreased. During the loading positive pressure stage, the maximum principal strain peak value of the monitoring unit decreased overall with increasing cover plate thickness. However, the equivalent plastic strain peak value initially increased and then decreased gradually. The equivalent strain indicated that plastic damage occurred in the cover plate. Beyond a thickness of 0.11 m, increasing the cover thickness did not appear to enhance its resistance to plastic damage. The damage analysis revealed that as cover plate thickness increased, the peak displacement and velocity of the monitoring unit continued to decrease, while the overall stability and explosive resistance of the cover plate increased. Additionally, the number of damaged fragments decreased. However, once the cover plate thickness reached 0.11 m, the bonding performance of the reinforced concrete structure had been fully developed, increasing the thickness of the cover plate no longer had a significant impact on the explosive resistance of the cover plate.     

Study on acceleration and suppression properties of coal gangue with different void fractions on gas explosion propagation

Gas explosion is one of the main disasters in coal mining. Plenty of coal gangue are generally distributed in the disaster areas in gob. Experiments were carried out to explore the propagation law of the gas explosion distributed by coal gangue. The variation characteristics of the overpressure, pressure rise rate, and flame shape with void fractions were analyzed. The results showed that the effect of the coal gangue on the explosion intensity changed from suppression to acceleration with the increase of void fraction, the flame front upstream blockage area changed from laminar state to turbulent divergent state, and a reverse flame was formed. When the void fraction of the coal gangue was 0.50–0.65, the maximum overpressure downstream of the blocked area were positively correlated with the void fraction and the critical suppression range was between 0.50 and 0.55. When the void fraction was lower than 0.50, the flame was quenched in the coal gangue, neither the flame nor the pressure could pass through the blocked area. It is helpful to guide the improvement of coal recovery process to avoid the expansion of the explosion impact in coalmine gob.     

Control of combustion-generated nitrogen oxides by selective non-catalytic reduction

Controlling nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) emissions is becoming a daunting technical challenge as increasingly strict emission limits are being imposed. The stringent regulations have prompted the innovation and characterization of NO(x) control technologies suitable for various applications. This paper presents a review on NO(x) removal techniques with particular reference to selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) technology. This includes initially how SNCR emerged as a technology along with a comparison with other relevant technologies. A review of various features related to selective non-catalytic gas phase injection of ammonia and ammonium salts (as reducing agent) is presented. The use of urea solution as a reducing agent and its performance in laboratory and pilot scale tests as well as large-scale applications is also discussed. Use of cyanuric acid as a potential reducing agent is also presented. The underlying reaction mechanisms have been reviewed for ammonia, urea and cyanuric acid for the explanation of various observations. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling as applied to SNCR is also presented. Subsequently the use of SNCR coupled with other in-combustion and post-combustion NO(x) control techniques is elaborated. Additionally, a two-stage NO(x) removal strategy to control un-reacted ammonia slip and to improve overall efficiency is discussed. At the end a summary is given which highlights various areas needing further research.     

From waste hot-pot oil as carbon precursor to development of recyclable attapulgite/carbon composites for wastewater treatment

The utilization of waste products as valuable materials was a technical imperative for waste management. In this study, the cost-effective attapulgite/carbon(APT/C) composite was developed for wastewater treatment using waste hot-pot oil as a carbon precursor through a facile one-step calcination process. The APT/C composite prepared at 300°C exhibited the excellent adsorption capacity and rapid equilibrium rate over a broad p H range for the removal of various pollutants. More importantly, the removal ratios of the composites toward Methyl Violet and tetracycline still remained 77.6% and 60.2% of the initial adsorption capacity after ten adsorption–regeneration cycles via a facile thermal regeneration strategy, respectively.Beyond all doubt, this research provided a feasible and economical way for the sustainable utilization of waste hot-pot oil in wastewater treatment, achieving the concept of disposal waste with waste and recycling.     

低温等离子体技术在乙烯装置VOCs治理中的应用

针对乙烯裂解装置污水会逸散出少量的VOCs气体,其苯系物及烯烃类物质含量高、恶臭明显、湿度大、浓度波动大,治理难度极大,所处环境为火灾爆炸危险区域且废气可能达到爆炸下限,安全控制措施要求高这一情况,建成了国内首套防爆型低温等离子体VOCs废气治理设施,在某石化公司防爆1区安全运行一年,实践证明:苯系物、烯烃、硫化物的去除效率可达98%以上,达到国标的各项要求,电气安全控制措施能够满足防爆1区。     

动高压法合成金刚石技术中的环境和安全问题分析

针对动高压法合成金刚石研究和生产实践中只重视产品的生产制备,而普遍忽视相关的安全和环境问胚的现实,从技术基本原理和工艺过程的主要环节对制备技术可能给社会安全、自然环境和工作人员的身体健康带来的危害进行了比较系统的分析.生产原材料及其反应废料和废气中包含了多种危险化学品或有毒害作用的物质,涉及爆炸品、酸性腐蚀品、氧化剂、有毒气体,如TNT、HClO4、HNO3、H2O2、HF、K2Cr2O7、Cl2、NO等.对它们的具体毒害特性进行了总结,对于相应的治理措施提出了建议.     

加大加强通风量对防止煤矿瓦斯爆炸的副作用

分析产生瓦斯爆炸的基本条件,指出在绝对瓦斯涌出量为5～75m3/min或更大的轻度瓦斯突出的异常情况下,风筒送入的风与突出的瓦斯混合,会在较长巷道内形成大量的瓦斯浓度处于爆炸上限与下限之间的可爆混气.风量越大,形成的可爆混气体积越大,如400m3/min的风量在2 min内就可形成≥842 m3的可爆混气.遇火源可发生强烈的爆炸甚至爆轰,造成较大的伤亡甚至整个矿井内大部分人员死亡.这表明,加大加强的风量对防止煤矿瓦斯爆炸起副(反)作用.这种副作用已在试验巷道用天然气爆炸试验中得到证明.目前煤炭界采取的各种措施不能有效地消除加大加强风量引起的副(反)作用.提出了2种消除副作用的措施,即瓦斯传感器断电与复电方法和抽吸方法,并经试验证明是有效的.     

空调压缩机冷媒爆炸反应特征分析

冷媒与空气的反应特征对空调压缩机安全性有重要影响.本文采用最小自由能原理,分别对两种冷媒R407C和R410A与空气的混合气体的爆炸反应参数进行了数值计算,得到了不同初始压力和不同冷媒含量条件下,混合气体爆炸反应温度和压力,分析了混合气体反应压力条件和爆炸极限范围.结果表明:初始压力低于0.2 MPa时,R407C-空气混合气体和R410A-空气混合气体均不会发生爆炸;初始压力超过0.3 MPa时,混合气体能够发生爆炸,爆炸反应温度和压力随着初始压力的升高而升高;R407C和R410A质量分数分别在34%、35%左右,混合气体反应温度和压力达到最大值.R407C和R410A易燃易爆特征相近;但爆炸范围都比氟利昂(R22)气体宽,即同样的条件下更容易发生爆炸.该计算结果能够为新型冷媒R407C和R410A的安全使用提供一定的依据.     

Modeling thermal analysis for predicting thermal hazards relevant to transportation safety and runaway reaction for 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile)

The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMR_ad), and apparent activation energy (E_a), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation.