条形障碍物对瓦斯爆炸特性影响研究

我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故不断出现,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失,在置障条件下研究瓦斯爆炸特性,对预防和减少瓦斯爆炸事故具有重要意义。利用水平管道式爆炸试验装置,研究密闭管道内条形障碍物的数量和阻塞率对管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数的影响以及敞口状态的影响。研究表明:障碍物对瓦斯爆炸具有显著激励作用,管道内瓦斯最大爆炸压力、火焰速度、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著增大,随着障碍物数量和阻塞率的增加,激励作用越明显;敞口状态下管道内最大爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸指数均显著减小,火焰持续传播。研究结果对防治煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故提供一定的理论支持。     

多驱动力作用下高层建筑火灾烟气输运规律研究现状

高层建筑发生火灾后,火灾烟气会在多种驱动力的作用下从着火房间迅速蔓延扩散至整栋建筑,严重威胁建筑内人员的生命安全。因此,控制建筑内烟气蔓延是建筑消防安全的一项重要内容。该文对热浮力、烟囱效应和室外风作用下建筑内火灾烟气输运规律进行分析,较系统地总结了这三种驱动力作用下火灾烟气输运的国内外研究成果,指出了以往研究的一些不足之处。根据国内外相关工作的研究进展及当前需要,对今后高层建筑火灾烟气输运规律的主要研究内容提出了几点展望。     

基于F-N曲线的煤矿重特大瓦斯爆炸事故伤亡规律研究

为研究煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故的伤亡规律,以2000-2014年发生的230起重大及以上瓦 斯爆炸事故为样本,运用统计学和F-N曲线法对事故特征进行了研究。首先,对事故起 数和伤亡情况的时间特征进行了统计;其次,对事故起数和伤亡数量的地域性特征进行 了研究;最后,基于F-N曲线法,对事故的死亡人数和受伤人数进行了规律分析。研究 结果表明:15年间的瓦斯爆炸事故起数总体上呈逐年下降的趋势,但在2005年出现了峰 值,死亡人数与事故起数的变化趋势接近,受伤人数变化趋势不太明显;重特大瓦斯爆 炸事故主要发生在中部和西南地区,且尤以山西省最为显著,其事故起数和伤亡人数都 是最多的;大多数事故造成了10～30人的死亡,其累计概率曲线在对数坐标中的梯度是 -1.642,受伤人数最频繁的区间是1～10人,其累计概率曲线在对数坐标中的梯度是- 0.652。     

受限空间瓦斯爆炸冲击波压力信号小波包去噪研究

由于受限空间瓦斯爆炸冲击波压力信号具有突变性和瞬态非平稳性特点,采用小波包分析进行去噪处理。选取典型的Daubechies小波包系和Symlets小波包系各小波包基对信号的重构均方根误差,并计算了原始信号与重构信号的相关系数,确定Sym8为处理瓦斯爆炸冲击波压力信号的最佳小波包基。去噪结果显示:小波包分析在降低噪声的同时,仍然保留信号突变部分的信息,能尽可能不失真得重现有效信号,受限空间瓦斯爆炸冲击波压力信号小波包去噪能够得到更可靠地结果。     

Flame-propagation behavior and a dynamic model for the thermal-radiation effects in coal-dust explosions

To reveal the flame-propagation behavior and the thermal-radiation effects during coal-dust explosions, two coal-dust clouds were tested in a semi-enclosed vertical combustion tube. A high-speed video camera and a thermal infrared imaging device were used to record the flame-propagation process and the thermal-radiation effects of the fireball at the combustion-tube outlet. The flame propagated more quickly and with a higher temperature in the more volatile coal-dust cloud. The coal-dust concentration also significantly affected the propagation behavior of the combustion zone. When the coal-dust concentration was increased, the flame-propagation velocity and the fireball temperature increased before decreasing overall. Based on the experimental results, a dynamic model of the thermal radiation was employed to describe the changes in the fireballs quantitatively and to estimate the thermal-radiation effects during coal-dust explosions.     

Duct-venting of dust explosions in a 20 L sphere at elevated static activation overpressures

Ducts are often recommended in the design of dust explosion venting in order to discharge materials to safe locations. However, the maximum reduced overpressure increases in a duct-vented vessel rather than in a simply vented vessel. This needs to be studied further for understanding the duct-venting mechanism. Numerous duct-vented dust explosion experiments were conducted, using a 20 L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar. Duct diameters of 15 mm and 28 mm, and duct lengths of 0 m (simply venting), 1 m and 2 m, were selected. Explosion pressures both in the vessel and in the duct were recorded by pressure sensors, with a frequency of 5 kHz. Flame signals in the duct were also obtained by phototransistors. Results indicate that the secondary explosion occurring in the duct increases the maximum reduced overpressure in the vessel. The secondary explosion is greatly affected by the duct diameter and static activation overpressure, and hence influences the amplification of the maximum reduced overpressure. Larger static activation overpressure decreases the severity of the secondary explosion, and hence decreases the increment in the maximum reduced overpressure. The secondary pressure peak is more obvious as the pressure accumulation is easier in a duct with a smaller diameter. However, the increment of the maximum reduced overpressure is smaller because blockage effect, flame front distortion, and turbulent mixing due to secondary explosion are weaker in a narrow duct. The influence of duct length on the maximum reduced overpressure is small at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar at 15 mm and 28 mm duct diameters.     

液氧储罐爆炸事故树分析

采用安全系数工程的方法,对液氧储罐爆炸进行丁事故树分析,通过求事故树最小割集,进行结构重要度分析,从而对液氧储罐爆炸的事故原因进行分析、预测,并提出了相应的预防控制措施。     

煤矿立风井防爆门发展现状分析

煤矿风井防爆门是保护主通风机的重要安全设施。在本世纪以来的重大煤矿爆炸事故中,因风井防爆门设计缺陷造成事故扩大化的问题屡有发生,使得煤矿风井防爆门受到多方关注和重视,并获得快速革新和发展。梳理了国内外煤矿风井防爆门相关法规和标准的制订情况,分析了十多种典型煤矿立风井防爆门的结构、特点和防爆工作原理,介绍了相关理论和试验研究成果。在此基础上,着重分析指出了风井防爆门发展中存在的问题,并提出了解决问题的方向和思路。     

丁二烯装置中乙烯基乙炔危险性研究

根据丁二烯装置中高级炔烃的特点和危险性,通过爆炸极限测定仪和爆轰管研究并确定了温度对乙烯基乙炔爆炸极限的影响,确定了不同温度下乙烯基乙炔的安全分压,确定了氮气稀释对乙烯基乙炔安全分压的影响,掌握了乙烯基乙炔的燃爆特性和分解特性。研究表明:乙烯基乙炔易发生分解失控或气相燃爆,且发生分解失控时后果严重。为了确保丁二烯装置中乙烯基乙炔的安全使用,建议在低温和低分压下使用乙烯基乙炔。