偃师市浅层地下水流动系统水化学特征

在水文地质调查和样品分析的基础上,应用水化学统计、离子相关性分析等方法对偃师市浅层地下水流动系统特征和水化学特征进行分析.研究表明:偃师市地下水化学特征具有明显的水平分带性,在沿着补给—径流—排泄的方向上,地下水化学类型由SO4·Cl-Na型水向HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水演化.总体上研究区地下水中TDS不高,均值为515.29 mg/L,与Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-质量浓度的分布规律具有明显的正相关性,主要表现为平原地区浓度高于南北两侧的丘陵山地.图3,表1,参15.     

人工湿地处理皂素废水生产性试验研究

黄姜是生产“药用黄金”——皂素的主要原材料，生产过程中会产生大量的工业废水。皂素废水是一种难降解、污染物浓度高的酸性废水，目前还没有成功应用于工程实际的废水处理工艺。本文主要采用人工湿地处理经两相厌氧工艺一好氧工艺组合工艺处理之后的废水，以满足达标排放的要求。经过4个月试验研究得出如下结论：人工湿地COD平均去除率为47．79％，氨氮平均去除率为75．64％，总磷平均去除率为88．82％。水平潜流型人工湿地作为皂素废水深度处理工艺是可行的。     

Comment on “Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration-time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume” by Allelign Zeru and Gerhard Schäfer

We consider the results of a recent paper in this journal [Zeru, A. and Schäfer, G., 2005. Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration–time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 81 (2005) 106–124], which addresses the field-scale characterisation of contaminant plumes in groundwater. There, it is concluded that contaminant concentration gradients can bias Integral Pumping Test (IPT) interpretations considerably, in particular if IPTs are conducted in advective fronts of contaminant plumes. We discuss implications of this setting and also argue that the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities used in the examples of Zeru and Schäfer (2005) of up to 30 m and 3 m, respectively, are generally very high for the here relevant capture zone scale (< 20 m). However, regardless of both longitudinal and transverse concentration gradients, we further show through a counter-example that IPT results are unbiased as long as the concentration attenuation along the flow direction is linear over the capture zone extent.     

ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS OF INSTREAM FLOW PROTECTION FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES IN AN INTERNATIONAL BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) restricts federal agencies from carrying out actions that jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species. The U.S. Supreme Court has emphasized that the language of the ESA and its amendments permits few exceptions to the requirement to give endangered species the highest priority. This paper estimates economic costs associated with one measure for increasing instream flows to meet critical habitat requirements of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow. Impacts are derived from an integrated regional model of the hydrology, economics, and institutions of the upper Rio Grande Basin in Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. One proposal for providing minimum streamflows to protect the silvery minnow from extinction would provide guaranteed year round streamflows of at least 50 cubic feet per second in the San Acacia reach of the upper Rio Grande. These added flows can be accomplished through reduced surface diversions by New Mexico water users in dry years when flows would otherwise be reduced below the critical level required by the minnow. Based on a 44‐year simulation of future inflows to the basin, we find that some agricultural users suffer damages, but New Mexico water users as a whole do not incur damages from a policy that reduces stream depletions sufficiently to provide habitat for the minnow. The same policy actually benefits downstream users, producing average annual benefits of over $200,000 per year for west Texas agriculture, and over $1 million for El Paso municipal and industrial water users, respectively. Economic impacts of instream flow deliveries for the minnow are highest in drought years.     

污泥厌氧消化反应器CFD数值模拟研究进展

污泥作为典型的不透明非牛顿流体,在厌氧消化反应器内的流场具有复杂性,难以直接进行流场测试分析。结合计算流体力学（CFD）技术,分析污泥厌氧消化反应器内的流场分布情况,探讨污泥在反应器内混合效果和对消化过程的影响,以验证校核反应器优化设计和运行,改善污泥在消化反应器内的流动和混合性能并最终提高反应器性能。在综合文献及前期研究工作的基础上,系统分析并重点关注了CFD数值模拟过程当中多相流模型和湍流模型的选取、污泥流变特性应用、反应器流场评估优化及耦合生化模型等的研究现状及进展,最后总结了目前污泥厌氧消化反应器CFD数值模拟过程存在的问题。并指出在考量污泥流变学特性的基础上,利用传质模型将反应器流场和生化过程相耦合,构建流场-生化耦合模型,获取基质转化规律,为优化污泥厌氧消化反应器设计运行提供理论依据,是CFD应用于厌氧消化反应器数值模拟的发展方向。     

Viscosities, thermal conductivities and diffusion coefficients of CO2 mixtures: Review of experimental data and theoretical models

Accurate experimental data on the thermo-physical properties of CO₂-mixtures are pre-requisites for development of more accurate models and hence, more precise design of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) processes. A literature survey was conducted on both the available experimental data and the theoretical models associated with the transport properties of CO₂-mixtures within the operation windows of CCS. Gaps were identified between the available knowledge and requirements of the system design and operation. For the experimental gas-phase measurements, there are no available data about any transport properties of CO₂/H₂S, CO₂/COS and CO₂/NH₃; and except for CO₂/H₂O(/NaCl) and CO₂/amine/H₂O mixtures, there are no available measurements regarding the transport properties of any liquid-phase mixtures. In the prediction of gas-phase viscosities using Chapman–Enskog theory, deviations are typically <2% at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperatures. The deviations increase with increasing temperatures and pressures. Using both the Rigorous Kinetic Theory (RKT) and empirical models in the prediction of gas-phase thermal conductivities, typical deviations are 2.2–9%. Comparison of popular empirical models for estimation of gas-phase diffusion coefficients with newer experimental data for CO₂/H₂O shows deviations of up to 20%. For many mixtures relevant for CCS, the diffusion coefficient models based on the RKT show predictions within the experimental uncertainty. Typical reported deviations of the CO₂/H₂O system using empirical models are below 3% for the viscosity and the thermal conductivity and between 5 and 20% for the diffusion coefficients. The research community knows little about the effect of other impurities in liquid CO₂ than water, and this is an important area to focus in future work.     

VIC模型与SWAT模型在中小流域径流模拟中的对比研究

结合GIS与RS技术的分布式水文模型已成为当今水文界研究的重点。从气象与水文水资源学科交叉的角度对分布式水文模型VIC模型与SWAT模型进行研究,并将其应用于白莲河流域,以此探讨该模型在中小流域的适用性。模拟结果表明,VIC模型与SWAT模型在白莲河流域率定期与检验期的模拟效果相差很小。SWAT模型的效率系数与相关系数略高一些,SWAT模型的模拟效果比较平均,每年相差不大;但VIC模型在1995年和1999年模拟效果明显好于其它年份,尤其在2002年,VIC模型模拟的洪峰与实测的相差较大,从而影响总体的效率系数偏低,而SWAT模型模拟的更接近实测值。研究结果表明两种模型对于我国中小流域的径流模拟具有一定的适用性.     

强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N、COD、PO43--P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

电弧流溶胞技术促进污泥厌氧消化

为提高污水厂处理污泥时的厌氧消化速率,利用电弧流溶胞技术处理剩余污泥,研究电弧流溶胞技术对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.实验结果表明,与未经预处理的污泥相比,电弧流溶胞处理能够明显提高污泥厌氧消化效率,增加有机物含量和沼气产量.其中,经处理后的污泥TS、VS剩余量分别降低了8.3%和6.3%,COD增加了11.9%.厌氧系统平均产气量平均增加79.76 L/d,增加率45.82%,甲烷含量增加1.03 L/d,增加率102%.由此说明,电弧流溶胞技术可以提高厌氧消化反应中有机物的去除率,有效促进厌氧消化中污泥的水解过程,显著增加甲烷气体的产生量.在综合考虑运行费用和污泥消化效果的前提下,采取适宜的电弧流强化处理措施有一定的积极意义.     

珠江三角洲水位演变分析

全球气候变暖导致的海平面加速上升已是不争的事实,其长期累积的结果将给沿海地区造成巨大威胁。利用层次聚类分析法、灰关联法、相关分析法等重点分析了海平面上升对珠江三角洲水位的影响。结果显示：海平面上升对珠江三角洲代表站的年平均水位和年最低水位的影响大于对年最高水位的影响;海平面上升对马口站和三水站水位的影响小于河床下切和径流的影响;海平面上升对珠江河口区水位的影响由三角洲深处向口门区有增强趋势。掌握海平面上升对水位的影响规律,对于河口地区的防灾减灾和水资源的合理开发利用具有重要的指导意义。