气固两相流在转运站系统除尘中的应用

为改善转运站点的作业环境,以转运站部分结构为模拟对象,根据实体结构模型建立流场模型,采用realiza-ble k-epsilon气相湍流模型及拉格朗日颗粒轨道模型对结构内的两相流运动情况进行了数值模拟,得到了流体相的压力分布和速度分布以及固相的粉尘颗粒轨迹,讨论了导料槽中挡帘对流场的影响.结果表明,挡帘对导料槽中流场特征影响明显,在配置了挡帘的导料槽中,流场压力分布更有序,空气流动更集中,可产生一定的回流气体来降低来流气体的速度,且会在内部形成局部高速区域.     

不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的综合评价

通过工程的经济性分析、工艺过程的能流分析以及工程的环境影响分析,综合分析了流化床、炉排炉、气化熔融和等离子体气化等不同城市生活垃圾焚烧技术。结果表明:(1)在零补贴的情况下,流化床焚烧技术的工程效益最佳,但从项目投产年算起,其投资回收期也需9年;炉排炉、气化熔融与等离子体气化焚烧技术要达到流化床焚烧技术零补贴情况下的经济效益,分别需补贴约70、140、500元/t。(2)各城市生活垃圾焚烧技术下区域的水体富营养化和全球变暖影响最显著,而人体毒性影响最小。气化熔融焚烧技术和等离子体气化焚烧技术的环境影响比其他两种焚烧技术小一个数量级。(3)考虑污染物排放的环境效益,在现行中国排放标准下,流化床、炉排炉与气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益都将得到较大提升。随着排放标准的更加严格,流化床焚烧技术的年收益率下降最显著;气化熔融焚烧技术的工程效益相较最优。     

强化混凝-滤布滤池提升城市河道水感官品质效果分析

为提高城市河道水感官品质,研究了强化混凝沉淀与滤布滤池组合工艺对河道水的处理效果。以PAC为混凝剂,纳米四氧化三铁为助凝剂,在实验室优化条件实验的基础上,设计加工强化混凝-滤布滤池一体机,在苏州姑苏区外城河进行处理规模为2 t·h⁻¹的现场实验,并采用多种分析仪器对进水、沉淀和混凝出水水样进行分析。结果表明,强化混凝滤布滤池一体化装置可以有效去除各项污染指标,显著改善河道水感官品质,装置对色度的平均去除率为67.7%,出水色度为10度;出水平均透明度提升10倍以上,最终出水3.1 m。通过对各个水质指标进行逐一分析并做相关性分析之后发现,影响色度和透明度的主要因素有悬浮固体、CDOM、藻类及叶绿素a,该装置对这些物质均有一定处理效果,因此,能够显著提升感官品质。本研究结果可为沿海城市提高河道水感官品质提供参考。     

3种负荷对模拟垂直流人工湿地去除氮、磷效果的影响

为探讨水力负荷、有机负荷和悬浮物固体负荷对垂直流人工湿地基质去除氮、磷效果的影响,采用了人工土柱模拟实验的方法,对不同数值的水力负荷、有机负荷(COD)和悬浮固体负荷单因素影响条件下垂直流人工湿地出水中TN、TP的浓度进行了监测。实验结果表明,在3种负荷单一因素影响条件下,垂直流人工湿地处理出水中TN、TP的浓度均随着负荷的增加而增加,即降低水力负荷、有机负荷、悬浮固体负荷均有利于降低垂直流人工湿地处理出水中TN、TP的浓度。当水力负荷为50 cm/d,垂直流人工湿地TP的去除率较高,达到71.52%;当有机负荷为50 g/(m2·d),TN的平均去除率较高,达到41.84%;当悬浮固体负荷为75 g/(m2·d),TP的平均去除率较高,达到92.13%。因此,在水力负荷实验中,当水力负荷为50 cm/d,垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较佳;在悬浮固体实验中,当悬浮固体负荷为75 g/m2·d,垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较好;在有机负荷实验中,当有机负荷(COD)为50 g/(m2·d),垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较好。     

多级潮汐流人工湿地对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮及有机物的去除特征

针对城市污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化液回流而引起城市污水处理厂处理系统内氨氮累积的问题,采用多级潮汐流人工湿地(MTF-CWs),研究MTF-CWs对污泥厌氧消化液中氨氮和有机物的去除特征及其主要去除途径。经过260 d的运行,结果表明,NH4+-N和COD平均进水浓度分别为859.55 mg·L-1和446.52 mg·L-1,MTF-CWs对NH4+-N和COD均有较好的处理效果,平均去除率分别为66.50%和47.10%。在MTF-CWs中,转化为NO2--N和NO3--N占被去除NH4+-N的73.21%,硝化反应是NH4+-N去除的主要途径,MTF-CWs的平均硝化速率为0.3 kg·(m3·d)-1。TN的平均去除率为17.63%,去除效果较差,其原因在于原水中缺少反硝化所需要的碳源。     

有机蒸气-空气分子扩散系数测定的影响因素分析

利用自行研发的气体扩散系数测试装置及测定方法,分别测定和分析了常温常压下,不同扩散管径、扩散距离、体系温度、气体进气方式及其流量、扩散时间等对气体扩散系数测定的影响情况。基于拟稳态扩散模型,得出气体扩散系数测定的合理条件：扩散距离为9~14 cm;吹气流量为0.22~0.33 m3·h-1;体系温度应低于液体沸点且不要太接近沸点;扩散时间根据液体挥发性情况,一般不小于12 h,具体以能够明显观测到测定前后液面高度差为基准;扩散管管径应在保证扩散管截面积较小、液面以上气体以单向自然扩散为主、液体蒸发速度相对较慢的范围内选取。研究结果确定了气体扩散系数测定的合理条件,对加深油气空间传质机理的认识以及确保扩散系数测定的准确度具有重要指导意义。     

Migration of saline solutions in variably saturated porous media

Migration of concentrated NaNO3 solutions in homogeneous packs of pre-wetted silica sands was investigated using a light transmission system. Solutions of 5 molal NaNO3 were found to migrate downward 24-62% faster than pure water, in an unstable, fingered manner. This behavior was attributed primarily to a surface tension induced, non-zero apparent contact angle between the imbibing and the resident fluids. For saline solutions of similar surface tension to that of pure water (achieved by the addition of 2% methanol), the migration rates and plume shapes were comparable to that of water, demonstrating that density was not the primary source of the observed differences in migration patterns. At depths where resident saturation increased above residual, the migration process appeared to occur via film flow with slight changes in saturation (<4%), rather than in a series of abrupt jumps, as observed at shallower depths. A method for contact angle scaling was used to illustrate the effects of non-zero contact angles on capillary pressure-saturation curves.     

Modeling of non-reactive solute transport in fractured clayey till during variable flow rate and time

Fractures and biopores can act as preferential flow paths in clay aquitards and may rapidly transmit contaminants into underlying aquifers. Reliable numerical models for assessment of groundwater contamination from such aquitards are needed for planning, regulatory and remediation purposes. In this investigation, high resolution preferential water-saturated flow and bromide transport data were used to evaluate the suitability of equivalent porous medium (EPM), dual porosity (DP) and discrete fracture/matrix diffusion (DFMD) numerical modeling approaches for assessment of flow and non-reactive solute transport in clayey till. The experimental data were obtained from four large undisturbed soil columns (taken from 1.5 to 3.5 m depth) in which biopores and channels along fractures controlled 96-99% of water-saturated flow. Simulating the transport data with the EPM effective porosity model (FRACTRAN in EPM mode) was not successful because calibrated effective porosity for the same column had to be varied up to 1 order of magnitude in order to simulate solute breakthrough for the applied flow rates between 11 and 49 mm/day. Attempts to simulate the same data with the DP models CXTFIT and MODFLOW/MT3D were also unsuccessful because fitted values for dispersion, mobile zone porosity, and mass transfer coefficient between mobile and immobile zones varied several orders of magnitude for the different flow rates, and because dispersion values were furthermore not physically realistic. Only the DFMD modeling approach (FRACTRAN in DFMD mode) was capable to simulate the observed changes in solute transport behavior during alternating flow rate without changing values of calibrated fracture spacing and fracture aperture to represent the macropores.     

A comparison between superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powders on fire suppression effectiveness

The effectiveness of superfine magnesium hydroxide powders and commercial dry powder in fire suppression were compared in a laboratory-scale, immovable fire suppression apparatus. The investigation focused on their suppression effectiveness under various pressures. It likewise studied the relationship between the powders’ surface structures and their effectiveness on fire suppression. The microcosmic structure of the powders was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA) technique was used to analyze the thermal behavior of the superfine magnesium hydroxide powders. By analyzing the results, it could be concluded that the pressure, the particle size, and the microcosmic structure of the powders’ surface mainly decide the capability of the powders to extinguish the fire. Comparing this with commercial dry powders, superfine magnesium hydroxide powders extinguished the fire in less than 10 s.     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库-河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库（洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库）表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究。在垂直剖面上，洪家渡水库硫同位素值（δ34S）介于+03‰~+31‰，下泄水为-07‰；东风水库δ34S值介于-75‰~-55‰，下泄水为-68‰；乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-43‰~-06‰，下泄水为-29‰。上述结论表明，硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程。不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别，水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制，垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负，主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的。