重大危险源辨识的模糊性与分级控制管理

重大危险源辨识是防止重大工业事故的第一步，作为重大危险源的标准应该是明确的。但由于在工业活动过程中客观存在的危险物质或能量临界量的划分模糊，重大危险源辨识是一个模糊概念，这些概念的类属也是不明确的，而且，由此引发的分类、判断和推理也反映了其模糊性。它在质上没有确定的含义，在量上没有明确的界限．它是危险性差异之间过渡的结果。工业活动过程中失控的偶发事故既可能发生于危险物质或能量超过临界量的单元，也可能发生于危险物质或能量未达到临界值的单元。根据我国国情，应该对重大危险源辨识和控制管理进行分级。     

模糊综合评判区域承灾体脆弱性的理论模型

灾害的后果是由致灾环境的危险性和承灾体的脆弱性两个因素共同决定的，承灾体的脆弱性研究对灾害理论以及减灾政策的确定有着极为重要的意义。承灾体脆弱性等级评价是该研究的基础和关键，本文建立了区域承灾体脆弱性模糊综合评判模型。     

冶金工厂呼吸性粉尘危害及评价方法探讨

随着冶金企业规模的扩大和接尘人员的增加，粉尘危害，尤其是呼吸性粉尘对作业人员的危害日益突出。治理呼吸性粉尘必须对呼吸性粉尘进行科学、合理的评价。针对冶金工厂实际情况，经过现场实验调查、数据统计分析，探讨了冶金工厂作业场所呼吸性粉尘的危害程度。建立了冶金工厂采用划分粉尘单元确定粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量的方法和采用餐尘危害程度分级评价呼吸性粉尘危害程度的方法。同时对国家呼吸性矽尘卫生标准在冶金工厂的实旋提出了扩档建乩     

鞍钢一起雾闪停电事故及预防措施

2001年2月22日，东北地区因特大雾害引起多起停电事故。鞍钢集团公司受此次雾害影响，供电系统也发生连锁停电，生产受到严重影响。介绍了该起事故经过及处理情况，提出了预防该类事故的措施。     

中压加氢裂化装置危险和可操作性研究

针对中压加氢裂化生产过程存在很大的火灾、爆炸、毒害等危险性的特点，以加氢裂化反应器出口至冷高压分离器进口之间管线为分析节点，对工艺参数流量可能发生的各种偏差进行了危险和可操作性研究，找出了偏差发生的原因及可能导致的后果，提出了相应的控制措施，对提高装置的安全可靠性，预防和减少事故发生具有重要作用。     

我国农村环境污染问题及成因分析

详细阐述了我国农村环境污染的具体表现,并综合分析了污染造成的危害及产生污染的原因,针对具体情况从促进农业生产方式转型、增强环保意识、统筹城乡发展防止污染转嫁、完善农村环境监督法律体系四个方面提出了治理环境污染、推进农村生态文明建设的可行性措施,以期为我国农村环境的综合治理提供参考。     

基于PSO-AHP的大坝致灾因子权重计算

提出了一种基于改进粒子群优化-层次分析法(SELPSO-AHP)的致灾因子权重计算模型,该模型依据大坝现场检测、原型监测和安全定期检查等成果,由层次分析法构建大坝风险分析的层次结构体系。为保证判断矩阵的一致性,引入改进粒子群算法和罚函数法用于层次分析法的权值计算,取得了比遗传算法更精确、更稳定的结果。将所建立的模型用于某混凝土重力坝的运行风险分析,得到了影响该坝运行风险的主要因素,为保障大坝安全提供了依据。     

上海降雨特征及其对城市水情灾害的影响

利用上海降雨资料,分析了上海汛期降雨的变化和最大年日雨量极值的累积分布规律,近期降雨空间分布、暴雨频度和强降雨特征,及气候因子对水情灾害的影响。结果显示,汛期雨量大小对水情灾害影响较为复杂,大暴雨或强降雨是造成水情灾害的重要原因。初步探讨和提出了气候因子的灾害危险评估方法,并对上海各区(县)近期的暴雨灾害影响进行了危险评估;暴雨对上海地区水情灾害影响差异明显,崇明、市中心区和浦东新区暴雨灾害危险较大,南部地区的青浦、金山、奉贤和松江区危险较小。     

田湾核电温排水遥感监测与数模一致性分析

利用温度反演和数值模拟的方法,对田湾核电站航天遥感测量和数值模拟结果作对比分析。结果显示:遥感监测和数值模拟结果在田湾核电站附近海域的海面温度场羽迹展布方向、不同季节大小潮型、潮态规律上都是相似的,只是在规模和数量上存在着一定差异,两者可以相互验证。     

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

Objectives: The majority of existing investigations on attention, aging, and driving have focused on the negative impacts of age-related declines in attention on hazard detection and driver performance. However, driving skills and behavioral compensation may accommodate for the negative effects that age-related attentional decline places on driving performance. In this study, we examined an important question that had been largely neglected in the literature linking attention, aging, and driving: can top-down factors such as behavioral compensation, specifically adaptive response criteria, accommodate the negative impacts from age-related attention declines on hazard detection during driving?

Methods: In the experiment, we used the Drive Aware Task, a task combining the driving context with well-controlled laboratory procedures measuring attention. We compared younger (n = 16, age 21–30) and older (n = 21, age 65–79) drivers on their attentional processing of hazards in driving scenes, indexed by percentage of correct responses and reaction time of hazard detection, as well as sensitivity and response criteria using signal detection analysis.

Results: Older drivers, in general, were less accurate and slower on the task than younger drivers. However, results from this experiment revealed that older, but not younger, drivers adapted their response criteria when the traffic condition changed in the driving scenes. When there was more traffic in the driving scene, older drivers became more liberal in their responses, meaning that they were more likely to report that a driving hazard was detected.

Conclusions: Older drivers adopt compensatory strategies for hazard detection during driving. Our findings showed that, in the driving context, even at an older age our attentional functions are still adaptive according to environmental conditions. This leads to considerations on potential training methods to promote adaptive strategies that may help older drivers maintain performance in road hazard detection.