The impact of grazing on spider communities in a mesophytic calcareous dune grassland

During 1994–1995 and 1997–1998 spiders were sampled with pitfall traps in a botanically rich, mesophytic, calcareous dune grassland in Belgium. As a consequence of intensive cattle grazing, vegetation variation in a large part of the area had diminished. The study area was also patchily grazed by rabbits. Community analysis with TWINSPAN revealed five distinct spider communities. Ecological differentiation was best explained by combination of the habitat variables: distance from grazed or non-grazed vegetation,Rosa pimpinellifolia cover and grass cover in both summer and winter. Species diversity was highest in the border zone between the cattle-grazed and non cattle-grazed sites. Correlation of the most abundant spider species with the vegetation determinants explains the ecological differentiation between the spider communities. Species were classified into seven major groups that reflect the species’ habitat preferences. The group showing clear association with non cattle-grazed, tall vegetation consists of common species. Characteristic species for the intensively cattle-grazed sites are common aeronauts and rare species such asWalckenaeria stylifrons, Mastigusa arietina, Ceratinopsis romana andPardosa monticola. The latter are shown to be dependent on ungrazed vegetation for juvenile development and overwintering. Intensive grazing results in homogeneous short vegetation, which can only be colonized by ‘open ground’ species with a well-developed dispersal capacity, or by species which are not dependent on litter-rich situations for juvenile development. An extensive cattle grazing regime results in a patchy mosaic grassland where, in addition to the above mentioned groups of species, other species survive by migrating between the buffered litter rich ungrazed vegetation and the short vegetation. Additionally, some typical and rare species prefer the transition zone between the grazed and the ungrazed vegetation because they are associated with specific habitat structures or inhabiting ant-species. Nomenclature: Roberts (1987, 1995) forAraneae; van der Meijden et al. (1990) for vascular plants; Corly et al. (1981) for bryophytes; Schaminée et al. (1996) for vegetation associations.     

A theory of scaling for community-based fisheries management

Community-based approaches to fisheries management has emerged as a mainstream strategy to govern dispersed, diverse and dynamic small scale fisheries. However, amplifying local community led sustainability outcomes remains an enduring challenge. We seek to fill a theoretical gap in the conceptualization of ‘scaling up community-based fisheries management’. We draw on literature of agriculture innovations to provide a framework that takes into account process-driven and structural change occurring across multiple levels of governance, as well as different phases of scaling. We hypothesize that successful scaling requires engagement with all aspects of a governing regime, coalescing a range of actors, and therefore, is an enterprise that is larger than its parts. To demonstrate where the framework offers value, we illustrate the development of community-based fisheries management in Vanuatu according to the framework’s main scaling dimensions.     

江西省不同地貌单元耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的尺度效应

运用地统计学、地理信息系统、方差分析和回归分析相结合的方法,研究江西省不同地貌单元耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的尺度效应,尺度分为省域尺度、完整地貌单元尺度和完整地貌单元相对应的县域尺度。结果表明：(1)不同尺度下耕地土壤有机碳均值差异显著,变异系数基本不变;(2)从县域尺度到地貌单元尺度再到省域尺度,块金效应值和空间自相关距离呈增大趋势;(3)不同尺度土壤有机碳空间分布级别和面积比例差异明显,小尺度插值图信息更丰富;(4)方差分析和回归分析结果表明秸秆还田、成土母质、土壤类型、高程和土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳空间变异存在显著影响,但不同尺度下影响程度有所差异。秸秆还田和土壤类型对土壤有机碳空间变异的影响不存在尺度效应,成土母质、高程和土壤侵蚀对其影响存在尺度效应。结果可为详细地理解不同尺度下土壤有机碳空间变异及估测土壤有机碳密度提供一定的参考依据。     

边界条件和偏移距的变化对分形插值精度的影响

地震数据空间道插值是地震资料预处理的重要内容之一。本文以分形理论为基础,借助压缩映射原理和不动点理论及实变函数理论,给出了分形插值函数的显式表达式及垂直比例因子的局部显式表达式。正演模拟中采用了吸收边界条件,边界条件的应用使得靠近边界的地震道分形插值重建的误差要高于远离边界的地震道,即随着检波器逐渐靠近边界,分形插值重建的误差逐渐增大。偏移距的变化也会对分形插值重建的精度产生影响,随着偏移距的增大,分形插值重建的误差有增大的趋势,但不明显。总体上来说,分形插值重建的地震道是原始地震道的良好近似,相位和振幅都得到了很好的恢复。     

骆马湖浮游植物演替规律及驱动因子

江苏骆马湖作为南水北调工程的重要调蓄湖泊,水生态系统结构变化不容忽视.为研究骆马湖浮游植物群落结构演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,于2014～2018年进行了逐月监测.研究期间骆马湖总氮、高锰酸盐指数、电导率等参数呈逐年升高趋势,氟离子浓度呈逐年下降趋势.共鉴定有浮游植物7门71属,月均生物量变化范围0.16～5.51mg·L^-1.硅藻和绿藻为绝对优势门类,其次为甲藻及隐藻;主要优势属为针杆藻(Synedra sp.)、隐藻(Chroomonas spp.)、直链硅藻(Aulacoseira spp.)、锥囊藻(Dinobryon sp.)、栅藻(Scenedesmus spp.)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria spp.)、转板藻(Mougeotia sp.)、纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus sp.)和裸藻(Euglena spp.). 2014～2018年骆马湖浮游植物群落结构年际差异较大,其变化主要体现在浮游植物生物量的再分配,硅藻和绿藻继续保持优势外甲藻和蓝藻的优势度增加.非度量多维尺度分析显示,骆马湖浮游植物群落变化与总氮、氟离子、水温、总磷、溶解氧、...     

Scaling Uncertainties in Estimating Canopy Foliar Maintenance Respiration for Black Spruce Ecosystems in Alaska

A major challenge confronting the scientific community is to understand both patterns of and controls over spatial and temporal variability of carbon exchange between boreal forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. An understanding of the sources of variability of carbon processes at fine scales and how these contribute to uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes is relevant to representing these processes at coarse scales. To explore some of the challenges and uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes at fine to coarse scales, we conducted a modeling analysis of canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems of Alaska by scaling empirical hourly models of foliar maintenance respiration (R_m) to estimate canopy foliar R_m for individual stands. We used variation in foliar N concentration among stands to develop hourly stand-specific models and then developed an hourly pooled model. An uncertainty analysis identified that the most important parameter affecting estimates of canopy foliar R_m was one that describes R_m at 0 ^∘C per g N, which explained more than 55% of variance in annual estimates of canopy foliar R_m. The comparison of simulated annual canopy foliar R_m identified significant differences between stand-specific and pooled models for each stand. This result indicates that control over foliar N concentration should be considered in models that estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands across the landscape. In this study, we also temporally scaled the hourly stand-level models to estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands using mean monthly temperature data. Comparisons of monthly R_m between the hourly and monthly versions of the models indicated that there was very little difference between the estimates of hourly and monthly models, suggesting that hourly models can be aggregated to use monthly input data with little loss of precision. We conclude that uncertainties in the use of a coarse-scale model for estimating canopy foliar R_m at regional scales depend on uncertainties in representing needle-level respiration and on uncertainties in representing the spatial variability of canopy foliar N across a region. The development of spatial data sets of canopy foliar N represents a major challenge in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration at regional scales.     

Measuring biological diversity using Euclidean metrics

We study the complementary use of Rao's theory of diversity (1986) and Euclidean metrics. The first outcome is a Euclidean diversity coefficient. This index allows to measure the diversity in a set of species beyond their relative abundances using biological information about the dissimilarity between the species. It also involves geometrical interpretations and graphical representations. Moreover, several populations (e.g., different sites) can be compared using a Euclidean dissimilarity coefficient derived from the Euclidean diversity coefficient. These proposals are used to compare breeding bird communities living in comparable habitat gradients in different parts of the world.     

Statistical selection of perimeter-area models for patch mosaics in multiscale landscape analysis

This paper presents a statistical method for detecting distinct scales of pattern for mosaics of irregular patches, by means of perimeter–area relationships. Krummel et al. (1987) were the first to develop a method for detecting different scaling domains in a landscape of irregular patches, but this method requires investigator judgment and is not completely satisfying. Grossi et al. (2001) suggested a modification of Krummel's method in order to detect objectively the change points between different scaling domains. Their procedure is based on the selection of the best piecewise linear regression model using a set of statistical tests. Even though the change points were estimated, the null distributions used for testing purposes were those appropriate for known change points. The present paper investigates the effect that estimating the change points has on the underlying distribution theory. The procedure we suggest is based on the selection of the best piecewise linear regression model using a likelihood ratio (LR) test. Each segment of the piecewise linear model corresponds to a fractal domain. Breakpoints between different segments are unknown, so the piecewise linear models are non-linear. In this case, the frequency distribution of the LR statistic cannot be approximated by a chi-squared distribution. Instead, Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain an empirical null distribution of the LR statistic. The suggested method is applied to three patch types (CORINE biotopes) located in the Val Baganza watershed of Italy.     

湿法烟气脱硫GGH换热元件结垢问题探讨

针对三河发电有限责任公司一期工程配套脱硫系统GGH换热元件结垢现象,分析了GGH换热元件结垢原因,提出减缓GGH结垢的措施,为相关脱硫项目运行提供参考。     

Signal-transfer modeling for regional assessment of forest responses to environmental changes in the southeastern United States

Stochastic transfer of information in a hierarchy of simulators is offered as a conceptual approach for assessing forest responses to changing climate and air quality across 13 southeastern states of the USA. This assessment approach combines geographic information system and Monte Carlo capabilities with several scales of computer modeling for southern pine species and eastern deciduous forests. Outputs, such as forest production, evapotranspiration and carbon pools, may be compared statistically for alternative equilibrium or transient scenarios providing a statistical basis for decision making in regional assessments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.