A mathematical approach for retrofit and optimization of total site steam distribution networks

This paper presents a generic mathematical model for retrofitting the steam power plants in an industrial site. The industrial sector under review consists of one steel mill, one oil refinery, and several petrochemical plants, where only small-scale steam integration has been implemented before this study. The relevant unit models in a typical steam power plant are established, and the steam plant retrofit problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Feasible retrofit alternatives suggested by experienced field engineers are investigated in sequence to examine the revenue of those possible modifications. The first scenario examines operational optimization of existent plants; the second option allows installation of one new turbine and replacement of several boilers and turbines with lower efficiency; the third scenario considers using a steam ejector to upgrade the disqualified import steam in the oil refinery. The significant merits from these three retrofit alternatives show that the proposed MINLP formulation has been a great help to enhance the inter-plant steam integration in an industrial sector.     

Enhancing generic ecological model for short-term prediction of Southern North Sea algal dynamics with remote sensing images

Physically based numerical modelling follows from the basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms and is often represented by a set of (partial differential) equations. It is one of the main approaches in population dynamics modelling. The emphasis of the model introduced in this paper is on the simulation of short-term spatial and temporal dynamics of harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Total suspended matter (TSM) concentration is one of the dominant factors for harmful algal bloom (HAB) prediction in North Sea. However, the modelling of suspended matter contains a high degree of uncertainty in this area. Therefore, this research aims to achieve a better estimation for the short-term prediction of harmful algal bloom development in both space and time by using spatially distributed TSM retrieved from remotely sensed images as physically based model inputs. In order to supply complete spatially covered datasets for the physically based model instrument: generic ecological model (GEM), this research retrieves TSM information from MERIS images by means of proper estimation techniques including biharmonic splines and self-learning cellular automata. A better estimation of HAB spatial pattern development is achieved by adding spatially distributed TSM data as inputs to original GEM model, and it proved that chlorophyll-a concentration in this area is very sensitive to TSM concentration.     

总磷排放标准的讨论

总磷是评价水质的重要指标,磷以多种形式存在,随着污水排放标准的不断更新．总磷标准的尺度不相一致。根据国家相关标准和规范,给出了能让已有标准内在联系更加完整和协调的建议．期待环境行政管理部门对废水中总磷排放标准作出更加明确合理的相关规定．     

Phosphorus Load Reduction Goals for Feitsui Reservoir Watershed, Taiwan

The present paper describes an effort for developing the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for phosphorus and a load reduction strategy for the Feitsui Reservoir in Northern Taiwan. BASINS model was employed to estimate watershed pollutant loads from nonpoint sources (NPS) in the Feitsui Reservoir watershed. The BASINS model was calibrated using field data collected during a 2-year sampling period and then used to compute watershed pollutant loadings into the Feitsui Reservoir. The simulated results indicate that the average annual total phosphorus (TP) loading into the reservoir is 18,910 kg/year, which consists of non-point source loading of 16,003 kg/year, and point source loading of 2,907 kg/year. The Vollenweider mass balance model was used next to determine the degree of eutrophication under current pollutant loading and the load reduction needed to keep the reservoir from being eutrophic. It was estimated that Feitsui Reservoir can becoming of the oligotrophic state if the average annual TP loading is reduced by 37% or more. The results provide the basis on which an integrated control action plan for both point and nonpoint sources of pollution in the watershed can be developed.     

Seasonal variation in dissolved gaseous mercury and total mercury concentrations in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and total mercury (TM) concentrations were measured in Juam Reservoir, Korea. DGM concentrations were higher in spring (64+/-13pgL(-1)) and summer (109+/-15pgL(-1)), and lower in fall (20+/-2pgL(-1)) and winter (23+/-6pgL(-1)). In contrast, TM concentrations were higher in fall (3.2+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and winter (3.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) than in spring (2.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and summer (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)). DGM concentrations were correlated with water temperature (p<0.0001), ORP (p<0.0001), UV intensity (UV-A: p=0.008; UV-B: p=0.003), and DOC concentration (p=0.0107). DGM concentrations varied diurnally with UV intensity. The average summer DGM (109+/-15pgL(-1)) and TM (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)) concentrations in Juam Reservoir were higher than the averages for North American lakes (DGM=38+/-16pgL(-1); TM=1.0+/-1.2ngL(-1)), but lower than levels reported for Baihua Reservoir in China.     

高压密封消解-流动注射同时测定海水中总氮和总磷

建立了高压密封消解-流动注射同时测定海水中总氮和总磷的方法,方法采用特制聚四氟乙烯密封消解罐,经高压消解锅消解后,用流动注射分析仪同时测定海水中的总氮和总磷。结果显示,总氮和总磷在0~3.20 mg/L范围内线性良好,总氮相关系数(r)=0.9997,检出限为0.012 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.65%~2.59%,加标回收率为97.8%~102%;总磷相关系数(r)=0.9999,检出限为0.006 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.50%~6.67%,加标回收率为98.8%~101%。该方法可同时测定海水中总氮和总磷,方法准确度和精密度良好,满足分析要求,适用于大批量海水样品中总氮和总磷的快速准确定量。     

大气SO2与硫酸盐化速率相关斜率的探讨

利用ＳＯ２和硫酸盐化速率相关斜率，推算了有实际意义的总物质移动系数值，并确定了其允许范围，这为各地今后更地建立了硫酸盐化速率和大气ＳＯ２相关性提供技术依据。     

总磷测定中两种稀释方法的对照

在过硫酸钾消解－钼蓝比色法测定总磷中，当显色液吸光值超出校准曲线范围时，进行了显色液稀释后再行测定的试验，试验结果与水样稀释重新消解[测定所得结果作统计检验，两者间无显著性差异，稀释倍数最大不宜超过4倍。     

水中藻类对连续流动法测定总氮结果的影响

以天津市河道、水库为研究对象,在藻类增殖期采用连续流动法与碱性过硫酸钾消解法对水体中总氮进行比对监测,同时分析水中藻类分类和藻细胞密度。试验表明:虽然两种方法测定总氮的结果精密度基本相同,但二者之间的系统误差存在显著差异,连续流动法较碱性过硫酸钾消解法的测定结果低5.4%。两种方法测定总氮结果的相对偏差与水体中藻细胞密度呈正相关性,当水体中藻细胞密度﹥2.41×108L-1时,对连续流动法测定总氮的结果产生显著影响,相对偏差超过标准规范要求。     

排污总量核定中的主要问题及解决途径

排放污染物总量核定是排放污染物总量控制中的一项难度很大的基础工作。文章针对目前排污总量核定中存在的环境监测硬件投入不足、体系不完善、可操作性不强、法律效力不够和规范化管理不力等问题 ,提出了排污总量核定应形成一项基本的工作制度 ,应加强排污总量核定体系的运行和监督管理。