机器人在核与辐射事故应急中的应用展望

随着核能行业的持续发展,核与辐射事故时有发生。由于核与辐射事故所特有的放射性照射,给事故应急带来了极大的困难。因此,在核与辐射事故应急现场有效地使用机器人就显得尤为重要。分析了在核与辐射事故现场使用机器人的必要性和可行性,通过对机器人在福岛核事故中的应用分析,指出了机器人在核与辐射事故应急中存在的不足,并对研制开发适用于核与辐射事故应急的机器人提出了建议。     

化学危险品事故应急响应大气扩散模型评述

针对化学危险品的事故要求能迅速地对事故的性质和可能产生危险的区域进行辨识,并能尽早地告知有关事故的性质以及可能的危险区域范围。为了快速确定事故性质及危险区域范围,通常利用应急响应系统,其核心是大气扩散模型。笔者概述了多种大气扩散模型,对当前应用较为广泛的应急大气扩散模型:SLAB,DEGADIS,ALOHA,ARCHIE,DEMRA和LPDM等作了深入剖析;对其应用作了评价;对应急大气扩散模型研究提出了建议。     

Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in the urban streets before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games traffic control period

In order to investigate the air quality and the abatement of traffic-related pollution during the 2008 Olympic Games, we select 12 avenues in the urban area of Beijing to calculate the concentrations of PM₁₀, CO, NO₂ and O₃ before and during the Olympic traffic controlling days, with the OSPM model.Through comparing the modeled results with the measurement results on a representative street, the OSPM model is validated as sufficient to predict the average concentrations of these pollutants at street level, and also reflects their daily variations well, i.e. CO presents the similar double peaks as the traffic flow, PM₁₀ concentration is influenced by other sources. Meanwhile, the model predicts O₃ to stay less during the daytime and ascend in the night, just opposite to NO₂, which reveals the impact of photochemical reactions. In addition, the predicted concentrations on the windward side often exceed the leeward side, indicating the impact of the special street shape, as well as the wind.The comparison between the predicted street concentrations before and during the Olympic traffic control period shows that the overall on-road air quality was improved effectively, due to the 32.3% traffic flow reduction. The concentrations of PM₁₀, CO and NO₂ have reduced from 142.6 μg m⁻³, 3.02 mg m⁻³ and 118.7 μg m⁻³ to 102.0 μg m⁻³, 2.43 mg m⁻³ and 104.1 μg m⁻³. However, the different pollutants show diverse changes after the traffic control. PM₁₀ decreases most, and the reduction effect focusing on the first half-day even clears the morning peak, whereas CO and NO₂ have even reductions to minify the daily fluctuations on the whole. Opposite to the other pollutants, ozone shows an increase of concentration. The average reduction rate of PM₁₀, CO, NO₂ and O₃ are respectively 28%, 19.3%, 12.3% and −25.2%. Furthermore, the streets in east, west, south and north areas present different air quality improvements, probably induced by the varied background pollution in different regions around Beijing, along with the impact of wind force. This finding suggests the pollution control in the surrounding regions, not only in the urban area.     

浅析交通堵塞对成都市城区环境的影响

本文论述了成都市交通稠密区、交通堵塞路段、交通高峰时段机动车尾气对大气环境造成的严重影响,同时分析了交通噪声的污染状况。     

高速公路交通噪声的多普勒效应

通过对高速公路交通噪声现场测定与研究分析,结果表明,由于高速公路上行驶的车辆速度很快,致使在高速公路两侧近距离接收点上,当车辆迎面驶来到背离驶去时,交通噪声出现明显的频率漂移和A声级的显著差异,即出现高速公路交通噪声的多普勒效应。     

《突发性污染事故中常见危险品档案库》研制

研制建立了《突发性污染事故中常见危险品档案库》,从 1档案库的内容—— 1 3 0 0余种化学危险品六个方面的信息和环境保护相关信息 ,2档案库的计算机实现技术两大方面进行了研究和开发 ,并制成了《突发性污染事故中常见危险品档案库》光盘。该档案库是对化学危险品引起的突发性污染事故进行快速处理的技术信息支持库 ,是为环境管理、环境监测、环境监察、环境卫生、化学危险品管理等行业的管理和技术人员提供的实用工具软件