Generic scenario for the impact of cooling lubricants into the hydrosphere

According to directive 93/67/EEC of the European Commission, this paper deals with the generic exposition evaluation of the environmental concentration of cooling Lubricant chemicals from the metal working industry into the hydrosphere. After considering the relevant life-cycle steps and the selection of a representative point source for the 'reasonable worst case', the emission per day Elocal(water) is determined. It leads to the predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal(water)) for the local stage in the compartment water. In order to gain the PEClocal(water) for an example--a corrosion inhibitor as additive in a cooling lubricant--, the relevant emission paths and the corresponding representative point source are described for the reasonable worst case. For non-water-miscible cooling lubricants, none of the operations in the life cycle leads to a release into the compartment water. To evaluate the hazard potential for cooling lubricant chemicals, the complete risk assessment has to be done. Also, the assessment has to be done for all high production volume chemicals, new substances and existing hazard chemicals. This means that even industrial categories like chemicals used in the textile industry or biocides and others have to be evaluated.     

非点源污染模型研究进展

随着点源污染的有效控制,非点源污染已成为水体污染的主要因素,如何有效地控制和管理非点源污染已成为水环境整治的一项重要任务。而计算机模型是极其有效的流域非点源污染模拟和污染负荷估算的定量化工具,为非点源污染评价、管理和控制提供了可靠依据。文章综述了非点源污染模型的发展概况及其研究不足,并对模型的发展趋势进行了分析和预测。由于非点源污染随机性大、分布范围广、形成机理模糊、管理控制难度大等特点,未来非点源污染的量化模型研究及其与量化模型有关的相应参数研究、模型与GIS集成研究将成为未来研究的主流。     

酸乳加工及质量控制

通过对酸乳加工工艺及酸乳生产危害分析，确定危害关键控制点，通过酸奶生产中常见的质量问题进行监控，以保证酸乳生产的质量．     

太湖地区湖、河和井水中氮污染状况的研究

连续监测了 2 0 0 0年 9月至 2 0 0 1年 9月太湖、大运河和井水中的N污染状况。结果表明 ,太湖水体中无机氮年均浓度达 1.14mg·L-1,已超过水体富营养化的浓度下限 ;大运河和井水分别达 7.16mg·L-1和 15 .84mg·L-1;井水中NO-3 -N浓度高达 15 .4 7mg·L-1,超过WHO所规定的生活饮用水NO-3 -N浓度上限的 5 0 %。试验结果还表明 ,河水中氮污染源以NH 4 -N为主 ,浓度高达 5 .6 3mg·L-1,占无机氮(NO-2 -N含量很低 ,忽略不计 )的 79% ;而井水中无机氮以NO-3 -N为主 ,占 98%。湖、河及井水中不同深度水样的分析结果表明 ,NO-3 -N和NH 4 -N浓度差异不显著 ,但其随时间变化差异明显。     

固体燃料烟点测量装置的研制

本文介绍了最近研制的一种用于固体燃料烟点测量的装置及配合烟点准确测定而开发的烟粒监测系统,并就PMMA材料进行了测试。本项研究为固体燃料的火焰高度及烟点的测量,首次提供了合理、可行的技术方法。     

REAUTHORIZING THE CLEAN WATER ACT: LOOKING TO TANGIBLE VALUES1

ABSTRACT: The degree of progress achieved under the 1972 Clean Water Act is reviewed by reference to traditional measures of program implementation, and to evidence of tangible, or “real-world” progress, such as beach closures, drinking water contamination, fishing bans and advisories, species health, and habitat degradation. Significant progress has been made in reducing pollution from point sources, but large point source releases of toxic and other pollutants remain. Little progress has been made in addressing runoff pollution, and in protecting aquatic habitats. Clean Water Act reauthorization should focus on pollution prevention to reduce further the release of toxics by point sources, a new program of mandatory but flexible controls on sources of runoff, and watershed protection programs to promote habitat protection and restoration. Economic factors should be considered in Clean Water Act programs, but must be balanced against scientific and governmental factors as well.     

长江干线中下游溢油应急设备点选址优化

为优化长江干线中下游溢油应急设备点选址,建立溢油应急需求水域风险评价体系,采用云模型对其评价,进而构建以加权距离最小为目标的溢油应急设备点选址模型。采用自适应差分进化算法(Adaptive Differential Evolution,ADE)对其求解。将模型应用于九江港的溢油应急设备点选址,最终解算选址于瑞昌港区及彭泽港区,此评估结果与九江港实际规划相符。     

区域点源和非点源磷入河量计算的二元统计模型

基于流域或区域点源和非点源磷入河过程的水文学差异,以及影响河流持留作用的主要机制,建立了描述河流段末磷负荷量与流量和水温之间定量关系的二元统计模型;通过逐月的河流水文水质监测数据对模型中4个系数的有效校正和验证,实现了对点源和非点源磷入河过程的准确定量.与现行的水文估算法相比,该模型既考虑了河流磷的持留能力及其时间变异性,也考虑了上游水体输入的磷负荷量,推进了对磷污染过程的定量认识,满足了我国以行政区为主要水污染控制管理单元的现实需要.应用该模型,计算了浙江长乐江集水区2004～2009年的总磷(TP)入河量.结果表明,TP年入河总量为(54.6±11.9)t.a-1,其上游水体输入、点源和非点源的入河量贡献率分别为5%±1%、12%±3%和83%±3%.夏季5～6月和8～9月的非点源TP累计入河量占其全年的50%±9%,增加了引起下游水体藻类暴发的风险.河流TP持留量为(4.5±0.1)t.a-1,占年入河总量的9%±2%;5～9月的TP累计持留量占全年的55%±2%,表明河流持留能力对流域或区域磷素迁移转化过程的调控作用不容忽视.本研究建立的二元统计模型仅需常规的河流水文水质监测数据,无需专业软件知识,且计算结果直接来源于实际的河流水文水质测算值,为实施流域或区域磷污染总量控制策略提供了一种简便、实用、可靠的定量工具.     

美国工业点源排放控制经验对中国的借鉴研究

文章分析了以排放限值为主要手段的美国工业水污染控制体系.美国工业水污染控制体系包括基于水质的排放限值和基于技术的排放限值,两者相辅相成,互为补充,不仅促使工业点源排放量不断降低,而且按照水质标准维护自然水体健康.在此基础上,文章提出了美国经验对中国水污染控制政策的三点启示:一是基于水质的排放限值与基于技术的排放限值分开设置,二是基于技术的排放限值始终保持先进性,三是重视统计学方法在排放限值制定中的应用.     

Image rotation method for identification of NPW signals in the localization of pipeline leakage

Gas and oil are mainly transported through long-distance pipelines on land. Pipeline leaks lead to severe hazards to the environment and economy and even imperil human lives. Negative pressure wave (NPW)-based methods are fast and effective for leak monitoring and localization. The key problem for an NPW-based method is to determine the NPW and its arrival time, which is characterized by the knee point in the time domain signal. In this paper, an image rotation method is proposed based on the shape characteristic of the time domain signal induced by an NPW. Through image rotation, the knee point turns into the highest point, which is easy to detect. To verify the performance of the proposed method, leakage experiments were conducted on liquid and gas pipeline models. Previously developed FBG pipe fixture sensors were used to detect an NPW. These sensors were equidistantly installed on the pipeline, forming a sensor array. Based on the sensing array, a novel leak localization algorithm was used to compute the leakage position. The experimental results indicated that the image rotation method has good performance for identifying an NPW, even though many noise- and pressure-induced fluctuations exist in the signals. This method enables automated real-time monitoring and has potential for practical application.