基于测点环境浓度影响的点源应急强化减排分析

基于预报气象条件、广州及周边城市的重点企业排放清单,采用CALPUFF模型模拟2010年亚运会开幕式期间重点企业对广州市内空气质量监测点的相对环境浓度影响,据此筛选得出预报不利气象条件下工业点源应急强化减排名单,并利用GIS可视化技术分析点源强化减排效果,为空气质量保障的专家会商提供依据.广州亚运会期间点源应急强化减排实施效果表明,有针对性地对测点环境浓度影响大的企业实施强化减排措施,可有效缓解个别点位的一定范围内超标问题.本文提出的研究方法和配套的GIS软件可为不利气象条件下工业点源的应急强化减排提供辅助决策服务和数据支持.     

Determining short chain fatty acids in sewage sludge hydrolysate：A comparison of three analytical methods and investigation of sample storage effects

In anaerobic digestion, the production of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） can be beneficial or harmful to the overall process, depending on the concentration of accumulated acids. Therefore, the accurate determination of the SCFA concentration in both fresh and stored sludge hydrolysates is important. To select a suitable method for monitoring SCFAs during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, the accuracy of three available analytical methods, including 5 pH point acid titration （TITRA5）, gas chromatography （GC）, and spectrophotometry, were compared in the present study. The results revealed that TITRA5 and GC displayed better agreement in the achieved measurements and higher precision and accuracy than the spectrophotometric assay, as supported by the application of different statistical models. TITRA5 excelled in titrating unfiltered hydrolysate while simultaneously measuring the alkalinity, whereas the GC method provided detailed information on the contribution of different fatty acids to the total acidity. In contrast, the spectrophotometric assay suffered from many forms of interference, depending on the sample＇s matrix. SCFA production followed the pattern of enzymatic reactions and fitted the Michaelis-Menten model. In addition to promoting TITRA5 as an accurate and robust analytical tool for routine SCFA analyses, this comparative study also demonstrated the possibility of storing hydrolysate samples at different temperatures and durations without altering the SCFA measurements.     

钢结构防腐涂层面漆可剥离现象的原因分析及处理措施

目的分析钢结构防腐涂层面漆出现可剥离现象的原因。方法利用质谱仪、环境扫描电镜、ICS 1100型离子色谱仪对涂料和漆膜进行测试分析。结果聚氨酯涂料和漆膜样品含有高沸点溶剂三甲苯和四甲苯,通过微观形貌分析发现漆膜固化不充分,在漆膜样品的萃取溶液中检测出了铵基盐类物质。结论聚氨酯涂料中的高沸点溶剂、低温环境下的小分子胺析出和湿热海洋环境是导致涂层面漆出现大面积可剥离现象的主要原因。     

关于在丹东市新城区建设环境空气自动监测点位的阐述

根据丹东市环境空气自动监测点位现状,结合环境空气质量监测规范及创建环境保护模范城的要求。考虑在新城区建设环境空气自动监测点位。这样可以保证丹东市各行政区环境空气监测点位分布的均匀性,反映新城区主要功能区和主要空气污染源的污染状况及变化趋势。     

流域尺度污染溯源模拟-优化防控方法:以铜陵市顺安河流域为例

长江经济带发展是我国重要国家战略,但面临着水环境保护难度大、污染来源不清和措施集成度低等问题.针对流域尺度多源污染协同治理面临的方法瓶颈,结合资料调研分析、机制模型模拟和智能算法优化,构建了"污染精准溯源-措施效果评价-措施整体优化"为主体的流域水环境保护框架,并以安徽省铜陵市顺安河流域为例进行了方案应用.结果表明,新框架可精准量化流域内种植业、农村生活、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、工业废水和生活污水的贡献,并评价多种防控措施及其集成的总体效果;多目标优化蛙跳算法通过系统对比多种方案的成本效益,提供了性价比高的流域多源污染协同治理方案,如通过合理投资可使顺安河流域总氮在丰、平和枯水年分别削减1274.24、855.24和381.96 t ·a^-1,总磷削减321.42、159.80和42.93 t ·a^-1,保障水质达到地表Ⅲ类水质标准.新框架可推广到其他流域,为流域高质量发展背景下的水环境保护提供模式参考.     

基于热爆炸理论的煤燃点确定及动力学分析

为准确判断煤燃点,提高煤自燃灾害防治能力,依据热爆炸理论,结合煤自燃过程放热曲线,将煤自燃升温过程中微分热流曲线上第1处极小值点作为煤的燃点,计算煤着火前后放热过程动力学参数变化.结果表明:随升温速率增加,煤自燃反应放热过程逐渐向高温区域移动,煤燃点逐渐增大,反应的活化能逐渐减小;同一升温速率下燃点之后煤的活化能增大;...     

基于PNN的煤矿安全生产风险综合预警研究

为加强煤矿安全生产风险预警管理,对煤矿安全生产系统风险因素进行分析,从人-机-环-管理四个方面建立了风险预警指标体系,给出了各指标的定义;提出了指标风险预警等级临界点的设置和指标警度计算方法;应用概率神经网络（PNN）构建了安全生产风险综合预警模型,通过指标风险预警等级临界点构建训练样本,并对预警模型进行了性能检验和工程应用。结果表明,基于PNN的安全生产风险综合预警模型风险识别能力强,运行速度快,计算效率高,可以进行推广应用。     

“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad2

Richards, R. Peter, Ibrahim Alameddine, J. David Allan, David B. Baker, Nathan S. Bosch, Remegio Confesor, Joseph V. DePinto, David M. Dolan, Jeffrey M. Reutter, and Donald Scavia, 2012. Discussion –“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐10. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12006 Abstract: Results from the Upper Midwest Major River Basin (MRB3) SPARROW model and underlying Fluxmaster load estimates were compared with detailed data available in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds. Fluxmaster and SPARROW estimates of tributary loads tend to be biased low for total phosphorus and high for total nitrogen. These and other limitations of the application led to an overestimation of the relative contribution of point sources vs. nonpoint sources of phosphorus to eutrophication conditions in Lake Erie, when compared with direct estimates for data‐rich Ohio tributaries. These limitations include the use of a decade‐old reference point (2002), lack of modeling of dissolved phosphorus, lack of inclusion of inputs from the Canadian Lake Erie watersheds and from Lake Huron, and the choice to summarize results for the entire United States Lake Erie watershed, as opposed to the key Western and Central Basin watersheds that drive Lake Erie’s eutrophication processes. Although the MRB3 SPARROW model helps to meet a critical need by modeling unmonitored watersheds and ranking rivers by their estimated relative contributions, we recommend caution in use of the MRB3 SPARRROW model for Lake Erie management, and argue that the management of agricultural nonpoint sources should continue to be the primary focus for the Western and Central Basins of Lake Erie.     

The Design of a New Energy-conservation Type Solar-powered Lighting System Using a High‐pressure Sodium Lamp

This study designs and applies a new energy-conservation type solar-powered lighting system using a high-pressure sodium lamp to areas not having any utility company's electricity. The proposed system uses a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) DC/DC converter in the batteries’ charge circuit to reduce the switching loss for a higher charging efficiency. Said system also adopts the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to maximize the solar panels’ photovoltaic conversion capability. When dark, the batteries in the proposed system will discharge, with a raised voltage, through a push-pull DC/DC converter; said voltage, as the input voltage of the series-parallel resonant inverter, will be regulated to dim the lamp. To enable the efficient usage of the batteries’ stored energy capacity, this control scheme of the proposed system may adjust the night-time discharge time lengths, according to season difference, and compute the usable capacity for the load, according to the batteries’ charged voltage, so as to select a suitable pre-scheduled light-dimming curve for the lamp to achieve energy conservation for the batteries and continuity in lighting when dark.     

Development of a method to predict crash risk using trend analysis of driver behavior changes over time

Objective: This study aimed at identifying and predicting in advance the point in time with a high risk of a virtual accident before a virtual accident actually occurs using the change of behavioral measures and subjective rating on drowsiness over time and the trend analysis of each behavioral measure.

Methods: Behavioral measures such as neck bending angle and tracking error in steering maneuvering during the simulated driving task were recorded under the low arousal condition of all participants who stayed up all night without sleeping. The trend analysis of each evaluation measure was conducted using a single regression model where time and each measure of drowsiness corresponded to an independent variable and a dependent variable, respectively. Applying the trend analysis technique to the experimental data, we proposed a method to predict in advance the point in time with a high risk of a virtual accident (in a real-world driving environment, this corresponds to a crash) before the point in time when the participant would have encountered a crucial accident if he or she continued driving a vehicle (we call this the point in time of a virtual accident).

Results: On the basis of applying the proposed trend analysis method to behavioral measures, we found that the proposed approach could predict in advance the point in time with a high risk of a virtual accident before the point in time of a virtual accident.

Conclusion: The proposed method is a promising technique for predicting in advance the time zone with potentially high risk (probability) of being involved in an accident due to drowsy driving and for warning drivers of such a drowsy and risky state.