化学混凝法去除稠油废水中的硅

以新疆油田稠油废水为研究对象,采用化学混凝除硅方法对稠油废水进行处理。实验结果表明:采用锌复合混凝剂的混凝、软化及镁剂除硅相结合的方法具有较好的除硅效果。确定了最佳除硅配方:NaOH的加入量为500~600mg/L,除硅剂MgCl2.6H2O的加入量为700~800mg/L,锌复合混凝剂加入量为100~150mg/L,处理后废水中SiO2的质量浓度小于50mg/L,达到热采锅炉的用水标准。     

北京地区土壤对柴油的吸附及影响因素研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对柴油的吸附行为,考察了溶液pH和添加乙醇对柴油吸附的影响. 结果表明,6种不同土样对柴油的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程,其吸附系数(K)分别为0.193, 0.218, 0.203, 0.199, 0.211和0.182 L/mg,6种土样吸附能力依次为轻壤土>轻粘土>中壤土>砂壤土>重壤土>紧砂土,这主要是由于6种土样的pH,有机质含量和机械组成不同所致;溶液pH的升高,不利于柴油在土壤中的吸附,pH从4升高到10,柴油在1～6号土样中的吸附量分别从1　012, 1　800, 1　377, 1　272, 1　601和862 μg/g降低到114, 236, 163, 150, 201和85 μg/g;向柴油中添加乙醇会减小柴油的吸附量,并且吸附量随添加乙醇量的增大而降低,这有利于柴油的向下运移.      

重庆市废润滑油的污染状况及改善策略的研究

针对重庆市2005年3～9月的半年时间里,仅嘉陵江主城流域内即出现四起重大油污染事故的现象,开展了对重庆市各类废润滑油年均产生量及处理现状的跟踪调研,结果表明:重庆市废润滑油的不当处理,在造成约5.5万t/a宝贵资源大量浪费的同时,还形成了对长江水系的严重污染。为推动重庆市经济的可持续发展和有效的保护环境,对目前在废油处理中存在的问题,进行了深层次原因的分析,并提出解决这些问题的有效措施:完善废油回收处理机制及体系,统一建立一个年处理能力在10万t以上的废油专业再生厂,通过废油再生的产业化实现对资源的最大化利用和对环境污染的最小化。     

潜流人工湿地去除大庆地区湖泊水体中石油类化合物的研究

针对大庆地区石油类化合物污染湖泊水质特点和气候条件,采用包含砾石床、砾石芦苇床、炉渣芦苇床和炉渣床单元的现场试验系统,考察启动期、投加微生物、投加缓释碳源、水温低于5℃和常规运行期等工况下各单元对石油类化合物的去除效果及其去除机理.在整个试验期内4个单元石油类化合物的平均去除率分别为24.7％、28.4％、45.9％和42.9％;投加微生物和缓释碳源都可提高石油类化合物污染物的去除效果;以炉渣为填料的单元污染物去除效果显著优于以砾石为填料的单元.2005年常规运行期间,湿地床和对照床石油类化合物去除率存在显著性差异（p<0.05）,植物对石油类化合物的去除起到显著的促进作用.系统运行期内通过截留去除的石油类化合物占总去除量70％左右,各单元该比例没有显著性差异（p<0.05）.     

用环己烷氧化副产物制备浮选剂

在固体酸催化剂作用下,用环己烷氧化制备环己酮的副产物——酸性油和轻质油进行酯化反应,制备了羧酸混合酯,酯化反应的最佳工艺条件：n（C4-C5醇）：n（有机羧酸）=1．2：1,催化剂质量分数为1．5％,反应温度为110-160℃,反应时间为5h。经应用评价结果表明,该羧酸混合酯是一种性能优异的选煤浮选剂。     

Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas facilities: a comparative assessment of different scenarios

A material and energy flow analysis, with corresponding financial flows, was carried out for different decommissioning scenarios for the different elements of an offshore oil and gas structure. A comparative assessment was made of the non-financial (especially environmental) outcomes of the different scenarios, with the reference scenario being to leave all structures in situ, while other scenarios envisaged leaving them on the seabed or removing them to shore for recycling and disposal. The costs of each scenario, when compared with the reference scenario, give an implicit valuation of the non-financial outcomes (e.g. environmental improvements), should that scenario be adopted by society. The paper concludes that it is not clear that the removal of the topsides and jackets of large steel structures to shore, as currently required by regulations, is environmentally justified; that concrete structures should certainly be left in place; and that leaving footings, cuttings and pipelines in place, with subsequent monitoring, would also be justified unless very large values were placed by society on a clear seabed and trawling access.     

稠油废水生物处理主要影响因素分析

有机聚合物和石油烃类物质是稠油废水中的主要污染物.应用辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水中筛选分离出的菌株B0501,分析其在稠油废水生物处理过程中对废水COD_Cr的去除作用,研究了不同温度,pH,水力停留时间以及添加氮、磷营养盐等条件下微生物对废水COD_Cr去除的影响.结果表明:稠油废水中投加的外源微生物B0501提高了废水中COD_Cr的去除率;接种后,废水在30 ℃,pH为7.5,水力停留时间为216 h,添加氮、磷营养盐(ρ(氮)/ρ(磷)为5.63)的条件下,废水COD_Cr去除率大幅度提高,其ρ(COD_Cr)满足国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB 8798-1996).经形态观察和生理生化反应鉴定,菌株B0501为液化金杆菌(Aureobaterium liquefaciens).      

操作条件对超滤膜运行经济稳定性能的影响

采用正交实验的方法对棕榈油生产废水二级处理出水的超滤工艺条件进行考察和优化,并用膜通量衰减系数、平均跨膜压差及产水量各自加权相加所得综合指标来表征不同超滤操作条件下膜运行的经济稳定性能。正交试验结果表明,减小膜表面流速和产水率,提高处理废水温度均有利于系统经济稳定地运行;各运行参数对综合指标影响的大小顺序为:膜表面平均流速>产水率>温度;在保证出水质量的前提下,最佳组合操作条件为膜表面平均流速0.7m/s,产水率80%,废水温度30℃。     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

安全风险分级防控在油气开发领域的探索与应用

为推动油气开发领域安全风险分级防控有效落地,提高风险预控能力,本文基于风险防控现状评估结果,探索性地研究安全风险分级防控思路,构建了油气开发领域安全风险分级防控体系推进模型,提出了逆向与正向危害因素识别方法,明确了风险评价关键隐性过程原则,构建了风险-后果-能资分级防控决断模型。选取典型试点单位进行实践,结果证明,油气开发领域安全风险分级防控体系推进模型是科学合理的,其他领域也可借鉴该模型开展安全风险分级防控工作。