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21.
22.
The leakage of fluid leaving a puncture in a pressurized vessel immersed in a quiescent, miscible medium is studied under
steady flow conditions. This problem has engineering applications in submerged pipelines and hazardous gas lines. The leakage
rate for the puncture is characterized as functions of various hydrodynamic and geometric conditions. Dimensional analysis
shows that the leakage percent, Q*, is a function of the Reynolds number, the pressure ratio between the center of the tube and the external hydrostatic pressure,
P*, and the hole-to-main tube diameter ratio, D*. The effect of puncture shape is also examined, rectangular and circular. A 3-D finite volume computational model is constructed
for laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid under steady conditions and validated with supporting experiments. The results show
that the fractional leakage rate Q* increases with P* and approaches a constant value at high P* for a fixed Reynolds number. In addition, it is found that the leakage rate increases with decreasing Reynolds number at
a fixed pressure ratio. The geometric effect of the diameter ratio is shown to have a more pronounced effect near a pressure
ratio of two with more fluid exiting the puncture for larger diameter ratios. The results of the shape analysis show that
the circular puncture has the largest fractional leakage when compared to a rectangle with an equivalent cross-sectional area. 相似文献
23.
介绍采用离心铸坯——变薄旋压方法制作大口径薄壁铝管的工艺.包括简要工艺流程、特点、适用范围等.该工艺为解决国内大口径薄壁无缝铝管提供了新的途径. 相似文献
24.
《Journal of Manufacturing Processes》2014,16(2):157-165
In tube hydroforming, the process chain can be very long as it may involve several pre-forming operations (e.g. bending, crushing, end forming, etc.) which are usually followed by an intermediate annealing stage. Conventional annealing is performed in batches and it is often perceived as a long, relatively expensive and non-environmentally friendly operation. For this reason, in this paper local intermediate heat treatment is proposed as a promising alternative solution, in order to reduce the throughput process time. The study has been carried out on a real tubular motorcycle part, by performing both experiments and numerical simulations, in order to verify whether local annealing can be an effective substitute of conventional global annealing. Several alternative ways of locally heat treating an Al6060 tube right before hydroforming have been investigated. The results demonstrate that a feasible solution can be found, with local heat treatment of relatively small portions of the tube. 相似文献
25.
Enrique Gonzlez Ferrads Fernando Díaz Alonso Marta Doval Miarro Agustín Miana Aznar Jos Ruiz Gimeno Juan Francisco Snchez Prez 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2008,86(3):175-181
Since the damage suffered by buildings as a consequence of explosions usually affect the people inside them, it is important to take it into account when performing consequence analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide a methodology to estimate consequences to buildings from pressure waves produced by spherical vessel burst. This is done by combining characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves [González Ferradás, E., Diaz Alonso, F., Sanchez Perez, J.F., Miñana Aznar, A., Ruiz Gimeno, J. and Martinez Alonso, J., 2006, Characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for vessel burst, Process Safety Progress, 25(3): 250–254] with PROBIT equations. The main advantage of this methodology is that it allows an overview of all the magnitudes involved, as damage is shown in the same graph as the overpressure, impulse and distance. In this paper diagrams and equations are presented to determine minor damage to buildings (broken windows, displacement of doors and window frames, tile displacement, etc.), major structural damage (cracks in walls, collapse of some walls) and collapse (the damage is so extensive that the building is partially or totally demolished). 相似文献
26.
27.
复杂人机系统班组人误模型与量化分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
讨论一个班组人员行为模型,即包括:任务模型、事件模型、班组模型和人-机交互模型4个模块,并用其模拟和分析事故状态下的运行班组对异常事故的响应过程;利用班组认知过程流程图模型表征事件发展过程中班组成员对事故的征兆识别、决策、计划和行动执行的响应过程;采用CREAM的量化分析技术,对核电站的蒸汽发生器管道破管事故的班组认知失误事件进行量化分析。 相似文献
28.
29.
目的分析西部某气田天然气管路球阀发生开裂泄漏事故的原因。方法对球阀的化学成分、断口、金相组织等进行检测分析。结果球阀裂纹起源于阀体内表面,裂纹沿晶界扩展,晶界未发现贫铬现象,不存在晶间腐蚀;阀体材料存在沿晶铸造缺陷和枝晶露头,水淬激冷过程中形成沿晶微裂纹,承压状态下裂纹沿晶扩展;球阀螺纹根部最薄且应力集中,裂纹由内向外扩展,最终沿螺纹根部环向断裂,断口形貌为沿晶断裂。结论导气球阀失效原因是螺纹根部存在应力集中和铸造阀体存在缺陷。在两者共同作用下,导致阀体承压状态下沿晶脆性断裂。 相似文献
30.
C.J. EnnisK.K. Botros C. Patel 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(1):111-121
Shell-tube type heat exchangers are often used to exchange heat between a high-pressure fluid and a low-pressure fluid. The pressure difference between these two fluids could be significantly high. In the event of a partial or full rupture of a tube, a problem may arise in that a transient pressure rise phenomenon could occur due to the flashing of the high-pressure sub-cooled fluid in the tube into the low-pressure shell, which may cause the shell to rupture with subsequent damage to equipment. This paper presents a dynamic model to describe the transient phenomenon occurring on the shell side following various scenarios of tube rupture. The spatial and temporal aspects of the flow transients along the pressure safety valve riser are accounted for by solving the one-dimensional continuity and momentum hyperbolic partial differential equations as applied to the liquid-filled riser. The dynamics of the attached piping system are also accounted for via two mechanistic models; the first is based on an inertial-resistive assumption of the fluids in this system, while the other is based on the assumption of anechoic perturbations passing through a long section of the attached piping. The latter is justified in cases where the attached piping is long enough such that reflections from the downstream end do not interfere with transients occurring in the shell during the initial phase of fluid flashing into the shell side following rupture. The various phases of this phenomenon are described, however the paper focuses on the initial phase of the phenomenon during which shell overpressure may be encountered. The model is applied to two ethylene heaters in tandem; the first uses propylene on the shell side to heat the ethylene on the tube side, while the second uses methanol, also on the shell side. The ratio between the shell design pressure to the tube design pressure in these two heaters are 0.169 and 0.154, respectively, hence the motivation to accurately model the transients involved in this phenomenon. The practical aspects and discussion around techniques to alleviate potential overpressure scenarios due to tube rupture are emphasized throughout the paper. 相似文献