计算机技术在建筑火灾安全上的综合应用

为通过计算机技术低成本的、高效的、准确的解决建筑火灾安全问题,对计算机技术在建筑结构火灾安全上的综合应用进行研究,并以某一小学教学楼为例将应用成果进行展示。首先,通过FDS软件对该建筑某火灾场景进行了火场数值模拟。基于FDS的数据,利用RCFire程序进行了结构构件内部温度计算和结构火灾反应计算。最后,在Vega的虚拟现实平台上将构件内部温度和结构火灾反应的结果进行了动态图形展示,并实现了结构火灾反应的同步漫游。本文将建筑火场模拟技术、结构火灾反应计算技术和场景表现技术上综合应用到同一建筑上,形成了一个更为准确的结构火灾反应模拟系统,同时也为进一步的建筑火灾场景仿真奠定了基础。     

Relative Effects of Disturbance on Red Imported Fire Ants and Native Ant Species in a Longleaf Pine Ecosystem

Abstract: The degree to which changes in community composition mediate the probability of colonization and spread of non‐native species is not well understood, especially in animal communities. High species richness may hinder the establishment of non‐native species. Distinguishing between this scenario and cases in which non‐native species become established in intact (lacking extensive anthropogenic soil disturbance) communities and subsequently diminish the abundance and richness of native species is challenging on the basis of observation alone. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), an invasive species that occurs throughout much of the southeastern United States, is such an example. Rather than competitively displacing native species, fire ants may become established only in disturbed areas in which native species richness and abundance are already reduced. We used insecticide to reduce the abundance of native ants and fire ants in four experimental plots. We then observed the reassembly and reestablishment of the ants in these plots for 1 year after treatment. The abundance of fire ants in treated plots did not differ from abundance in control plots 1 year after treatment. Likewise, the abundance of native ants increased to levels comparable to those in control plots after 1 year. Our findings suggest that factors other than large reductions in ant abundance and species density (number of species per unit area) may affect the establishment of fire ants and that the response of native ants and fire ants to disturbance can be comparable.     

An “Asymmetric Threat” That Should Have Been Anticipated: Political Discourse on 2007 Wildfires in Greece

This paper examines the pre-election interpretative repertoires employed by the two main political parties in Greece regarding the 2007 summer wildfires, which have been recorded as the worst natural disaster in contemporary Greek history. This involved a discourse analysis of press releases, interviews, and press conference statements. While the New Democracy governing party initially followed a “business-as-usual” scenario, comparing the situation with past wildfires under the administration of PASOK (the biggest opposition party), the increasing number of deaths over time rendered any such comparison invalid. In order to regain momentum, the government launched the interpretative repertoire of “asymmetric threat”, which proved instrumental in helping the government to get re-elected. This political discourse lacked any consideration of broad socioeconomic changes in rural areas in Greece which might have contributed substantially to the severity of the disaster. Implications for wildfire policy are discussed.     

电梯井加压送风全尺寸火灾试验研究

为了研究电梯井烟囱效应、电梯运行活塞效应对电梯井加压送风的影响,获得电梯井有效防烟的临界参数,在10层高的建筑内,利用一部运行速度为1.5 m/s的电梯,开展全尺寸火灾试验。试验包括正、逆烟囱效应的工况,火灾发生在房间和通道的工况,在此基础上得到单梯井低速电梯在火灾中运行的气流特性和压差变化,电梯井有效防烟的技术参数。研究结果表明,合理的电梯井加压送风能够有效控制火灾烟气,使火灾时使用电梯疏散具有可行性。     

地铁火灾二次事故BP神经网络安全评价方法研究

基于能量转移理论、多米诺效应理论等相关理论对地铁火灾二次事故概念进行界定,并分析地铁火灾二次事故的演化机理,确定地铁火灾条件下易发的二次事故类型;建立了地铁火灾二次事故安全评价指标体系,通过BP神经网络的安全评价方法对地铁火灾二次事故进行量化分析。     

新型气体灭火剂开发技术研究

为了提高哈龙替代灭火剂的灭火性能,减少其对环境的不利影响,必须加快开发新一代气体灭火剂的步伐。提出了理想哈龙替代灭火剂的筛选标准和12种主要性能的分级方法,探讨了筛选过程的设计策略和选择筛选试验方法的基本原则,通过对典型气体灭火剂主要性能的对比,揭示了气体灭火剂的发展历程。剖析了气体灭火剂的灭火浓度、大气寿命、分散性、灭火剂及其分解和燃烧产物的毒性等重要性能的筛选技术发展现状和存在问题。认为应尽快建立并完善气体灭火剂的各项主要性能筛选试验方法,构建完整的气体灭火剂替代品性质数据库,在此基础上形成科学的性能预测体系,以便更好地从大量备选化学物质中找出综合性能优异、适合面广的新一代气体灭火剂系列品种。     

Thermal Strain in Fire Fighters While Wearing Task-Fitted Versus EN 469:2005 Protective Clothing During a Prolonged Rescue Drill

Fire fighters are normally overprotected during their working hours because of the tendency to keep the personal protection level sufficiently high in case of the worst possible scenarios. This study investigated the effects of task-fitted protective clothing on thermal strain in fire fighters as compared to EN 469:2005 protective clothing during a prolonged (2 1/2 hrs) job-related rescue drill under neutral and hot climates. The subjects were 23 healthy, physically fit professional male fire fighters aged 26–44 years. Measurements included cardiovascular and thermal responses and subjective assessments. Wearing task-fitted clothing during rescue tasks in a neutral climate considerably reduced total thermal and cardiovascular strain in prolonged rescue work. The fire fighters also perceived physical work as significantly harder on average, and reported more intense subjective discomfort while wearing EN 469:2005 as compared to task-fitted clothing.     

新型组合式消防服热防护性能分析

本文对不同隔热层材料组成的消防服的热防护性能进行了实验测试与分析验证,评价了新型组合式消防服和传统组合式消防服的隔热性能优劣。结果表明以SiO2气凝胶材料为隔热层的新型组合式消防服的导热系数约为传统型的1/4,具有更显著的热防护效果。     

某大型商场性能化防火设计评估

利用FDS、Pathfinder软件对某大型商业建筑防火安全性能进行评估,实测火灾荷载数据,探究发生火灾情况下,能否满足人员安全疏散的要求。评估发现,大型商业建筑在采用一系列消防安全措施后,在消防设施正常工作情况下,疏散宽度可在现行规范规定基础上作适当放宽。     

典型山地白酒库火灾危险性分析与安全措施研究

酒库是白酒的重要储存场所,研究酒库火灾危险性有助于防止酒库火灾和减少火灾危害。通过调研典型山地白酒库的储存工艺,分析所储存白酒的特性,检查酒库在平面布置、生产工艺防火防爆、储存等方面的情况,发现酒库在防火方面存在的共性问题。分析典型山地白酒库事故后果并进行定量计算,结果表明池火灾会对周围人员和设施造成严重影响。根据计算结果和存在的问题提出建议措施,对于做好山地白酒库防火安全工作具有指导意义。