隧道火灾时空温度场小波分析

提出了分布式光纤温度传感系统(DTS)时空温度场小波分析方法,完成了监测系统报警算法的设计;应用该算法,对隧道内弱风和强风条件下的模拟实验隧道火灾时空温度场进行了瞬态识别;基于隧道温度场监测数据时空矩阵的提取,对隧道的温度场变化规律做出了分析,并选取Ribo3.7小波基成功识别出隧道火灾时空温度场的奇异点.实验结果表明...     

Impacts of Fire-Suppression Activities on Natural Communities

Abstract:  The ecological impacts of wildland fire-suppression activities can be significant and may surpass the impacts of the fire itself. A recent paradigm shift from fire control to fire management has resulted in increased attention to minimizing the negative effects of suppression. While the philosophy behind minimum-impact suppression tactics has provided a good first step in this direction, increased attention to the ecological effects of suppression is needed, especially in the management of public lands. We reviewed the potential impacts of suppression on land, air, and water resources and the impacts of using fire to help control fire. Effects on land resources include erosion, which is exacerbated by the construction of fire lines, temporary roads, and helicopter pads, and some postfire rehabilitation activities. Although the fire itself is the most obvious source of air pollution, the vehicles used in suppression activities contribute to this problem and to noise pollution. Water resources, including aquatic flora and fauna, may be seriously affected by suppression activities that can increase erosion, sedimentation, turbidity, and chemical contamination. Finally, the use of backburns and burnout operations contributes to the risk of soil and water contamination, increases the total area burned, and promotes more intense fires or more homogeneous burned areas. Although no fire-management strategy should be applied uniformly, some general techniques such as use of natural clearings, natural barriers, and appropriately sized fire lines, "leave no-trace" camping, and careful application of fuels and retardants can be employed to minimize the impacts of suppression.     

纵向风和阻塞比对隧道双火源温度分布的影响*

为研究城市公路隧道内纵向通风和障碍物对双火羽流行为的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析双火羽流纵向烟气温度变化规律。研究结果表明:随着风速的增加,顶棚下方最高温度不断降低,烟气逆流现象逐渐减弱至消失;随着阻塞比的增加,下游火源一直向下游倾斜,而上游火源逐渐由向下游倾斜转变为向上游倾斜;基于流体力学理论,引入阻塞比修正无障碍物时的弗劳德数,进而建立适用于隧道内有障碍物的双火羽流顶棚最高温升分段预测模型,研究结果可为隧道火灾防治提供基础数据和理论参考。     

低压细水雾控制高架仓库实体火灾的实验研究

高架仓库的建筑和储存特点导致其火灾危险性远大于普通仓库,因此高架仓库的消防系统设计研究日益受到重视。目前,高架仓库主要采用的是ESFR自动灭火系统,细水雾灭火系统的应用还较少。通过低压细水雾灭高架仓库实体火灾的实验,记录喷头工作压力、实验点火时间、开始喷水时间、灭火时间及燃烧物的损失量,分析温度、热辐射强度以及喷头流量数据。结果表明:在限定的仓库高度以及货架高度条件下,低压细水雾灭火系统能够有效保护高架仓库,且较其它水喷淋灭火系统用水量少,造成货物的水渍损失小。     

DMMP对惰性气体及全氟己酮临界灭火浓度的影响

甲基膦酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Methylphosphonate,DMMP)是一种高效的阻燃剂,但是DMMP直接与气相火焰相互作用时,却反而具有助燃效果。研究人员还发现,低浓度的DMMP可以显著提高CO2的灭火效果,DMMP与CO2具有协同灭火效果。为提高现有灭火技术的灭火效果,利用DMMP作为添加剂,研究DMMP对典型灭火介质临界灭火浓度的影响。首先在杯式燃烧器中开展了DMMP与同轴扩散火焰的相互作用实验,获取了火焰高度、火焰宽度等火焰特征参数,分析了DMMP作用下的火焰燃烧强化现象;然后开展了DMMP对N2、Ar、He、全氟己酮4种灭火介质灭火效果的影响实验,获取了混合气体的临界灭火浓度,研究了DMMP与典型灭火介质的协同灭火效果。实验结果表明:DMMP具有助燃作用,添加DMMP后火焰高度变大;DMMP能够提高惰性气体N2、Ar、He的灭火性能,当DMMP浓度为1.9%时,可提高N2、Ar、He的灭火性能分别为50.0%、48.02%、47.17%,但DMMP提高惰性气体灭火性能没有明显的选择性;DMMP不能提高全氟己酮的灭火性能,反而会抑制其灭火性能,且随着DMMP浓度的不断增加,全氟己酮的临界灭火浓度不断增加。     

发射燃气扩散过程数值模拟及安全性分析

目的研究发射燃气扩散过程及对附近安全的影响。方法以CFD方法建立发射阵地气体扩散数学模型,空间内的湍流采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,结合FLUENT软件,对某燃气发生器产生的有毒气体的扩散过程进行数值模拟。以氯气为标的物,计算不同风速、地形影响下氯气的扩散过程,分析风速、山地对氯气扩散速度、距离、覆盖范围、浓度变化的影响。结果山顶发射时,风速越大,氯气的扩散速度越快,覆盖范围越广,最大扩散距离为249 m;山底发射时,在相同风速下,氯气的扩散距离、扩散速度均小于山顶发射时,最大扩散距离为221 m。山地对氯气扩散的影响主要是减缓氯气团的运动速度,减小氯气的影响距离,在山地的迎风面与背风面氯气浓度较高。结论不同风速和起伏山地对氯气扩散会产生较大影响,采用该分析方法可以归纳出有毒气体扩散及影响范围的一般规律。     

修正的BP神经网络森林火灾成灾面积预测研究

以1997-2012年《中国林业统计年鉴》的全国森林火灾成灾面积为依据,应用BP神经网络模型对成灾面积进行了预测,对预测方法进行了检验.在此基础上,利用残差提出了修正的BP神经网络模型,并对预测方法进行了改进.研究结果表明,修正的BP神经网络预测精度高于BP神经网络,预测相对误差平均为7.2％,可应用于森林火灾成灾面积的预测.     

隧道火灾时人员安全疏散的模拟研究

隧道的消防设计应以保护人员的生命安全为首要目标，为此开发了隧道火灾时的人员疏散计算机模型Tunev（tunnel evacuation）。该模型能计算隧道内不同火灾场景的人员疏散所需时间，可与计算危险来临时间的火灾数值模拟软件CFD—PHOENICS3．5相结合，经两种时间的对比，判断人员疏散的安全性。该模型包含了简单的火灾时人员行为反应数据库和隧道防火结构特征参数。通过定性和定量的分析和计算，其结果能直观地发现疏散设计中的不足，以便采取针对性改进措施；该模型还可以作为辅助的消防演习工具。本文阐述了模型的有关概念，并对工程实例进行了疏散模拟，最后简述了Tunev模型的验证和应用。     

基于AHP-证据理论的综合管廊火灾安全评价

为了进行综合管廊火灾安全评价,提出了基于AHP-证据理论的评价模型。采用AHP法得出综合管廊火灾安全评价体系中各因素的权重,再引入D-S证据理论提高评价的可信度。从"人、机、环、管"四大方面归纳出影响综合管廊火灾安全的潜在影响因素并分级,建立综合管廊火灾安全评价指标体系;通过AHP法得出体系中各因素的权重,再通过信任函数和似然函数的计算得到量化评价结果;最后将多个评价结果进行融合以提高最终评价结果的可信度,并且评判火灾安全等级。对某综合管廊的实例分析表明,当不同专家给出的评价结果有差异时,依据证据理论将不同的证据进行融合,能有效提高综合管廊火灾安全评价的可信度,最终得到可靠的评价结果。通过分析得出设备因素对综合管廊火灾安全评价体系影响最大。     

Transformations in carbon and nitrogen-forms in peat subjected to progressive thermal stress as revealed by analytical pyrolysis

To study the characteristic N-forms of humic-type materials, samples of sapric peat from Galicia (northern Spain) were heated at 350 °C for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s, and studied by Curie-point Py-GC/MS, solid-state CPMAS ¹³C-NMR and ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopies. NMR analysis of the peat samples in the progressive heating stages showed the concentration of heterocyclic N-forms, the maximum structural transition amide-to-heterocyclic forms being observed in samples heated for 120 s (56% heterocyclic N and 34% aromatic C). Under more drastic conditions all N-forms were depleted. Correlation between spectroscopic and pyrolytic data betrayed specific pyrolytic markers for the different N-forms. The intensity of the ¹⁵N-NMR amide peak tended to be positively correlated to the yield of indoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles, and negatively correlated to those of benzonitriles and pyrazines. Analytical pyrolysis also showed a progressive enrichment in lipids and alkyl macromolecules with increasing heating intensity, and a decrease in lignin-derived, polysaccharide-derived and N-containing compounds. The relative abundance of non-methoxyphenolic aromatic compounds did not change. The N-compounds in peat samples unheated or heated for 60–90 s released methylpyrazole, dimethylpyrroline, methyldiphenylindole and pyrazole, whereas peat samples heated for 120 s mainly yielded methylpyrazine and methyldiphenylindole. Dimethylpyrroline and pyrazine prevailed in samples heated for 150 s, whereas samples heated for 180 s yielded mainly pyrrole. Pyrolysis data presented low possibilities for forecasting the extent of the O-alkyl domain, but reflected quantitatively the transformations in the lignin-like moiety. Both techniques coincide in pointing out the accumulation of a recalcitrant alkyl domain possibly derived from abiotic condensations or inherited lipid biomacromolecules.