Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

游离氨(FA)协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用3个序批式反应器(SBR)(R0:硝化结束时停曝气;R_(0-30):硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;R_(0+30):硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气),控制3种游离氨(FA)浓度梯度(0.5,5.1,10.1 mg/L)协同3种曝气时间(t0:硝化结束时停曝气;t0-30:硝化结束提前30 min停曝气;t0+30:硝化结束延迟30 min停曝气)的条件下,研究了FA协同曝气时间对活性污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明:整个试验过程,在初始FA浓度相同条件下,R0和R_(0+30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.6%和99.3%,而R_(0-30)系统NH+4-N平均去除率仅为72.3%。在较低FA浓度(0.5,5.1 mg/L)条件下,随着曝气时间增加,活性污泥的污泥沉降比(SV30)值和污泥体积指数(SVI)值均逐渐降低,污泥沉降性能趋好。在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,随着运行周期的增加,污泥沉降性能逐步变好,R_(0-30)系统的SVI平均值最大,R_(0+30)系统次之,R0系统最小,其值分别为165.1,152.5,134.5 m L/g,且污泥活性f平均值大小顺序fR_(0-30)>fR0>fR_(0+30),其值分别为0.77、0.70和0.65。这表明在较高FA浓度(10.1 mg/L)条件下,曝气时间延长,导致污泥活性降低。     

基于马尔萨斯模型对钢铁企业伤害事故与工龄指数之间规律的研究

为了验证在钢铁企业中人的失效过程同服役年限有某种规律性的联系,采用马尔萨斯模型对人的服役年限--工龄与伤害事故频数之间的规律性进行机理推证.在对典型钢铁企业40年间工伤事故数据库中的1 465起伤害事故进行统计分析、建立回归模型后,结论显示伤害事故频数y与受害人员的本工种工龄x存在显著指数相关关系:y=167.13e0.012x、相关系数R=0.93,证实了马尔萨斯模型应用于"工龄-伤害事故频数"指数规律的准确性.改进后的指数规律模型对实际钢铁企业安全管理工作有着重要的研究价值和指导意义,且可以在其他领域中进行探索和推广.     

Queue up, please! Spermathecal filling in the rove beetle Drusilla canaliculata (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae)

Most studies on insect sperm motility have been conducted in vitro using artificial environments outside the animal’s body. Only little is known about the function of motile insect sperm at different sites within the male or female genital tracts. We dissected genital tracts of female rove beetles (Drusilla canaliculata) to show that spermatozoa use their own motility to migrate from the spermatophore into the spermatheca. Our dissection method allowed direct observation and filming of the spermathecal filling process inside the female’s genital tract. Spermatozoa were found to enter the spermatheca individually, sometimes in groups of two or three. Although exhibiting only weak motility and no progressive motion in buffer solution, the spermatozoa inside the female show vigorous lashing and reach an average velocity of 47.5 μm s⁻¹. To gain mobility and speed, the spermatozoa likely utilize the relatively small diameter of the spermathecal duct to push themselves off the duct walls, rather than swimming freely in seminal fluid. The spermatozoa (approximately 1,250 μm) are considerably longer than the distance they have to travel along the spermathecal duct (approximately 800 μm). Our study provides the first direct observation of active sperm migration within the female of an insect stressing the importance of the genital tract as a prerequisite for functional sperm motility.     

环境浓度水平的镍对不同生命阶段秀丽线虫(Cae-norhabditis elegans)体长与运动的刺激效应

毒物兴奋效应(hormesis)受到广泛关注。本文以秀丽线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的L1(自虫卵开始培养10 h)、L3阶段(36 h)和年轻成虫阶段(72 h)为起始暴露阶段,进行环境浓度(3.18E-3、3.18E-2、3.18E-1和3.18μmol·L-1)水平的72 h镍暴露试验,以体长与行为学指标为终点研究了不同生命阶段对毒物兴奋效应的影响。在所有暴露浓度下,镍对L1线虫的体长均表现出显著的刺激效应,3个较高浓度下(3.18E-2、3.18E-1和3.18μmol·L-1)的刺激效应相似,均表现为比空白多23.6%(P0.05)的水平;L3线虫的体长在低浓度受到刺激,在高浓度受到抑制,表现为毒物兴奋效应;年轻成虫在所设4个浓度下均没有显著响应。在所有暴露浓度下,镍对L1线虫的身体弯曲运动无显著效应;镍对L3线虫的身体弯曲频率表现为刺激效应,并且该刺激效应随暴露浓度增加,先增加后减小,在3.18E-2μmol·L-1表现出最大刺激效应,比空白多59.0%(P0.05);镍对年轻成虫的身体弯曲频率表现为比空白多17.7%~30.1%(P0.05)的刺激效应,该刺激效应在不同浓度下不具有显著性差异。镍对L1线虫的倒退运动表现出显著的、随暴露浓度增加而增加的刺激效应,在3.18μmol·L-1表现出最大刺激效应,比空白多187.0%(P0.05);镍对L3线虫的倒退运动在3.18μmol·L-1下表现为比空白多22.7%(P0.05)的刺激效应;镍对年轻成虫的倒退运动在较高的3个浓度下(3.18E-2、3.18E-1和3.18μmol·L-1)表现为比空白多46.7%~86.7%(P0.05)的刺激效应。研究揭示环境浓度水平的镍暴露对不同生命阶段秀丽线虫的体长与运动具有不同程度的刺激效应。     

Estimating rate constants of contaminant removal in constructed wetlands treating winery effluent: A comparison of three different methods

In this paper we investigated the use of three different methods for determining the rate constants for degradation of winery effluent within a sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW). These methods comprised of using a dispersed plug flow (the Peclet) equation; a tanks-in-series (TIS) equation; and analysing the residence time distribution (RTD) directly. The last of these is described by the convolution integral (CI). We demonstrated self-similarity of the RTDs, which meant that the system's hydraulics were similar throughout the CW. We therefore extrapolated the RTD data to develop a more complete understanding of the hydraulic properties of the CW and examine how they affected the kinetics of degradation. We found that whilst both the Peclet and the TIS equation were able to predict concentration within the CW, this required the optimisation of more than one variable at the same time rendering a result that was more of a modelling exercise than a useful design tool. The CI method could be applied to predict system parameters effectively. We used it to measure rate constants of removal for both ethanol and potassium (key species for tracking the degradation/treatment of the effluent). Acetic acid, however, did not degrade implying that the CW operated aerobically. The concentration of sodium increased very slightly, indicating that it is not bioremediated/removed and that there are some minor evapotranspirative effects. The rate constant found for the biodegradation of COD was found to have significantly more uncertainty associated with it than the measurement of the rate of degradation individual components and we therefore posit that it is better to describe the processes of degradation by tracking individual components rather than lumped parameters.     

树脂锚杆锚固长度声波探测技术及数值试验

针对煤岩巷道锚杆支护锚固失效引起的冒顶问题,建立了煤岩巷道顶板锚杆树脂锚固模型,采用数值模拟的方法对不同锚固方式下树脂锚杆的波导特性进行研究,得到了不同锚固长度与树脂锚杆激振响应特性曲线。通过对比分析,研究得出无论何种锚固方式,检测结果与实际锚固长度的误差大约在1%-6%,同时可采用修正补偿的方法降低检测误差。研究结果得出:采用应力反射波法检测树脂锚杆的锚固长度是一种行之有效的无损检测方法,可实现树脂锚杆锚固长度的便携、准确检测提供技术支持。     

3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为探明四环素、环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,为评价抗生素污染的生态影响提供科学依据,采用保湿培养法研究了它们对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,比较分析了抗生素的生态毒性差异和相对敏感的指标。结果表明,在种子萌发期,一定浓度范围的抗生素胁迫会引发植物种子抵抗逆境的应激反应,因此,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下均能促进种子发芽。超过该浓度,四环素对黑麦草种子发芽仍有一定的促进作用,而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶则表现为抑制作用。四环素对种子发芽率的最大无作用浓度(NOEC)为5 mg·L~(-1),而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶对种子发芽率的NOEC为1 mg·L~(-1)。实验结束时,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下的种子发芽率最高。3种抗生素浓度超过0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,种子根长和芽长即受到抑制,因此,它们对种子根长和芽长的NOEC均为0～0.1 mg·L~(-1)。其中,磺胺嘧啶的抑制作用最为显著。根长受到抑制的程度强于芽长。黑麦草种子萌发受3种抗生素影响程度依次为磺胺嘧啶环丙沙星四环素。