植被下垫面Z0的估算及其改进影响评估

利用卫星遥感反演数据和多种观测资料,基于形态学-遥感反演的方法,估算我国主要植被下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度长度(Z₀),将其应用于区域大气化学模式(WRF-Chem)中改进模式默认Z₀值,并结合全国气象和污染物观测数据进行改进效果评估,探究Z₀改进对模式气象场和化学场模拟结果的影响.结果表明:(1)Z₀高值主要位于森林类下垫面,可超过1m;农田、草地类下垫面Z₀值较小,低于0.5m,其余植被下垫面的Z₀值基本介于两者之间.(2)Z₀改进后,10m风速(WS10)和地表温度(TSK)的改进效果较好,而2m温度(T2)和相对湿度(RH)的改进效果不明显;从空间分布和不同下垫面结果来看,Z₀对TSK主要是增温作用,对WS10是减小作用;就改进比(各要素改进后的模拟值与改进前的模拟值之差比上改进前的模拟值,下同)而言,Z₀改进对WS10的影响大于TSK.从对污染物浓度效果评估看,Z₀对PM_2.5和PM₁₀模拟改进效果较好,对其它污染物(SO₂、NO₂、O₃)的改进效果不明显.(3)对比气象要素和污染物浓度效果评估可知,Z₀改进对气象要素的影响大于污染物浓度,其主要是通过影响气象场来间接影响污染物浓度.总的来看,Z₀改进影响最大的是气象场的10m风速,考虑其原因在于改进后的Z₀普遍高于改进前模式默认Z₀值,而Z₀是表征地表粗糙度的变量,由于地表粗糙度的增加,增强了对气流的阻碍作用,使得近地层风速减小.     

考虑群组行为的楼梯瓶颈处行人流模拟

为探究楼梯瓶颈处群组行为对行人流通行效率的影响,基于校园内的观测试验获取群组运动参数,采用Anylogic仿真平台建立考虑群组行为特征的楼梯瓶颈处人员运动模型,根据不同的群组运动参数、楼梯几何参数和障碍物布置方式对行人流通行时间与密度分布的影响开展数值模拟。结果表明:较大的群组比例和群组规模均会延长行人流通行时间,增加通行过程中的拥堵持续时间;在链状构型下,群组通行效率较高,而并排构型对人员通行造成的负面影响最大;在有群组和无群组情况下,楼梯位置变化会产生相反的通行效果;平行放置障碍物可以有效降低人群密度,提高群组行人流的通行效率。     

1st international round robin test on safety characteristics of hybrid mixtures

There is no applicable existing standard for the determination of safety characteristics for hybrid mixtures. While developing a new standard in a joint research project in Germany first results from parameter studies led to a standard procedure that can be adopted by laboratories that are already testing dusts in the so called 20L-sphere with as little additional effort as necessary. In fact, one of the main objectives of this research project was to keep modifications and adjustments from the generally accepted dust testing procedures as easy and minimal as possible so as to limit potential deviations from one laboratory to another.In this first round robin test on hybrid mixtures ever, with methane as gas component and a specific corn starch as dust sample, the practicality of the whole procedure, the scattering of the results and the deviation between the testing apparatuses is investigated. This paper summarizes the experimental procedure adopted and objectives of the first round-robin phase involving three of the four original German companies, plus volunteering laboratories from Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Poland and P.R. China. The results will have an impact on the new standard and may lead to robust data for later simulation purposes.