过去20年气候变暖对我国冬季采暖气候条件与能源需求的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来,我国气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的显著变暖,对我国冬季采暖气候条件和能源需求产生了很大影响。论文以全国458个气象台站逐日平均气温为基础,对其影响进行了分析。依照《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范G(B50019-2003)》的规定,确定了采暖初(终)日及集中(过渡)采暖期的划分方法,并采用度日法分析了采暖强度。结果发现与1980年以前时段相比,1985-2004年以及1995-2004年间,我国集中采暖区和过渡采暖区的界线明显北移,尤其110E°以东地区北移最大达2～3个纬距;北方大部地区采暖期长度缩短5～15d,长江以南地区缩短最大达30d以上;北方采暖强度普遍减小200℃以上;理论上由气候变暖导致的我国北方地区冬季采暖耗能降低了5%～30%,长江中下游地区冬季采暖耗能降低了30%以上。     

基于拓扑网络模型的高速列车转向架系统中薄弱部件辨识方法

我国高速铁路的迅速发展对高速列车运营安全保障能力提出了更高的要求.面对日渐复杂的运营环境,对高速列车动力系统中薄弱部件的辨识能够保障高速列车的运营安全.以高速列车转向架物理结构与工作原理为出发点,提出了一种面向高速列车转向架系统中薄弱部件的辨识方法.首先基于复杂网络理论对高速列车转向架系统拓扑结构进行建模;然后利用模糊...     

梳子坝淤砂形态特征试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,探讨梳子坝淤砂的形态特征、淤砂长度和回淤坡度等,初步得到:(1)梳子坝在全闭塞时,淤砂形态与实体坝相似,在淤砂区的前部,淤砂高度大致等于坝体高度,在淤砂区的尾部,都有一个明显的陡坎;梳子坝在部分闭塞时,淤砂形态与不闭塞情况下淤砂形态相似,在淤砂区的前部,都有一个缓坡。不闭塞时形成的缓坡坡度稍大于部分闭塞时的缓坡坡度,但都明显小于水下休止角,表明梳子坝淤砂形态异于狭缝坝。(2)梳子坝淤砂长度与切口宽度有关,大致有随着切口宽度的增大而减短的趋势;切口密度和泥石流浓度对淤砂长度有影响,淤砂长度有大致随切口密度的增大而堆积长度减短的趋势。(3)在相同试验条件下,梳子坝回淤坡度与实体坝相比大致相近,波动范围很小;在相同的切口宽度条件下,切口密度对回淤坡度有一定的影响,同时证明沟床坡度和泥石流的物质级配、容重及规模对回淤坡度也有一定影响。     

重金属铅、镉对矮小拟丽突线虫(Acrobeloides nanus)的亚急性毒性作用

为了探讨重金属Pb、Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫(Acrobeloides nanus)的亚急性毒性作用,采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度Pb和Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫生长发育、繁殖的影响,并对线虫世代间的毒性效应进行了比较.结果表明,1)与对照组相比,各暴露组当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01);随着重金属浓度的增加,当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长呈现逐渐降低的趋势.2)随着Pb、Cd暴露浓度的增加,线虫产卵数逐渐降低;Pb对线虫产卵数的72h-EC20、EC10分别为17.41、4.36mg·L-1,Cd对线虫产卵数的72h-EC50、EC20和EC10分别为4.47、0.91和0.53mg·L-1.以上结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd暴露可显著抑制矮小拟丽突线虫的生长发育、繁殖;线虫体长、产卵数具有明显的重金属浓度依赖性。     

Phytotoxicity assessment of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures by a soil-based seedling emergence test

Seedling emergence tests were conducted in a meadow brown soil using five plant species ( i. e., Chinese cabbage, green onion, tomato, turnip and wheat) to determine the phytotoxicity of phenanthrene, pyrene and their mixtures. The soil was amended with up to 1000mg/kg soil of phenanthrene or 600 mg/kg soil of pyrene. Seedling emergence and root growth were measured. The results indicated that root elongation was more sensitive than seedling emergence. Root length decreased with increasing phenanthrene or pyrene concentrations(p≤0.05). Phenanthrene was more phytotoxic than pyrene. The lowest observable adverse effect concentration(LOAEC) was 10mg/kg for phenanthrene when tested with green onion, and 50mg/kg for pyrene when tested with wheat. Among the five species, wheat was found to be the most sensitive. When amended jointly at or below their respective LOAEC, phenanthrene and pyrene produced a synergistic toxic effect.     

有关有限边界岸边排放稳态二维混合模式的几个问题的探讨

针对目前我国环境影响评价领域普遍采用的有限边界岸边排放稳态二维混合模式的局限性和不精确性,本文对由河流二维稳态水质模型的基本方程推求出的有限边界岸边排放的二维稳态混合模式的解析解的各项进行分析比较。同时针对费休的混合长度公式进行了计算比较。     

The evolution of flame length for the oil tank fire with different top cover widths and lip heights

This study presents a quantitative analysis and interpretation of the variation in oil tank fire flame lengths for different oil tank sizes, top cover widths, and horizontal air flow velocities. The experimental results show that, at first, the flame length rises slowly with an increase in air flow speed. Then, once over a critical speed (0.6 m/s), the flame length decreases significantly with a further increase in air flow speed. Based on the characteristic length, a new dimensionless heat release rate is obtained, allowing the correlation between flame length, air flow speed, and dimensionless heat release rate to be calculated, which can be used to predict the flame length of an oil tank fire under different air flow speeds, lip heights, and cover widths.     

Effect of excessive cadmium chloride on the plasmids of E. coli HB 101 in vivo

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A One-Equation Turbulence Model for Geophysical Applications: Comparison with Data and the k−ε Model

A one-equation turbulence model is presented, in which the turbulent kinetic energy k is calculated with a transport equation whereas the turbulent length scale l is calculated with an algebraic expression. The value of l depends on the local stratification and reduces to the classical |z| scaling for unstratified flows near a wall, where |z| is the distance to the wall. The length scale decreases during stable stratification, and increases for unstable stratification compared to the neutral case. In the limit of strong stable stratification, the so-called buoyancy length scale proportional to k ^1/2 N ^–1 is obtained, where N is the buoyancy frequency. The length scale formulation introduces a single model parameter which is calibrated against experimental data. The model is verified extensively against laboratory measurements and oceanic data, and comparisons are made with the two-equation k- model. It is shown that the performance of the proposed k model is almost identical to that of the k- model. In addition, the stability functions of Launder are revisited and adjusted to obtain better agreement with recent data.     

Estimation of the surface stress from the streamwise pressure gradient: The Kármán Integral Momentum Equation revisited

A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u _* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential.