大石围天坑群地下河沉积物中PAHs的污染特征

为探索喀斯特地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征、来源,研究选择典型的广西乐业大石围天坑群地下河进行,沿途采集7个断面的沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对16种优控PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明,大石围天坑群地下河上层沉积物中总PAHs浓度为37.75～1 662.72 ng/g,下层沉积物为43....     

Analysis and assessment of a critical event during an underground coal gasification experiment

The main goal of the study presented in this paper was to analyse the mechanisms affecting an Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) process and to identify possible deviations of the system from normal work to limit, or even avoid, losses. The UCG process is one of the most innovative technologies connected with the exploitation of coal deposits that are currently being tested and developed all around the world. It allows the conversion of a coal seam into gas under in situ conditions of high temperature with the use of gasifying agents such as air, oxygen, steam or with a mixture of them.The paper presents the results of the analysis and assessment of a critical event during the process: a dangerous gas accumulation that occurred during an underground coal gasification experiment in the Experimental Mine “Barbara” of the Central Mining Institute (Poland). The UCG experiment using the shaft method is described, together with its monitoring system and the problems that appeared during the process. The application of the Fault Tree Methodology allowed the establishment of the main factors that may lead to the explosion and to present possible scenarios of its occurrence.Moreover, calculations were carried out to evaluate the risk level of explosion for the gas mixture and the minimum level of oxygen in the mixture that is necessary to initiate an explosion. These calculations were based on a modification of the formula proposed by Le Chatelier. During the course of the underground experiment, original information of the process behaviour has been acquired that can be used in the preparation of other UCG experiments in operational mines to guarantee the safety and the stability of the process.     

二氧化碳储存技术的研究现状和展望

为了减少因温室效应造成的危害,必须大量减少CO2的人为排放.将化石燃料燃烧产生的CO2进行储存(尤其是地下储存)能够长期、有效地阻止大气中CO2浓度的增加.通过对CO2储存技术研究现状的介绍,对中国今后开展CO2地下储存技术提出了建议和研究方向.     

活性炭法测定地下建筑中的氡

阐述了氡的来源、在环境中的分布状况及其对人体的危害。用主动式活性炭盒采样和高纯锗探测器伽玛射线谱仪对样品进行测量,具有灵敏度高、精度好、易于操作等特点。     

某地下商场紧急情况下人员疏散实验研究

地下商场紧急情况下人员疏散过程非常复杂,受到众多因素的影响,如人员自身因素、环境因素等。通过设计并实施人员疏散实验,同时对实验参与人员开展问卷调查,分析了地下商场紧急情况下人员疏散特性及借用相邻防火分区防火门作为安全出口对疏散过程的影响;从疏散演习实验过程中人员出口选择、疏散时间及出口流率、疏散行为等三方面内容对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。     

A new practical approach to risk management for underground mining project in Quebec

The mining industry worldwide is currently experiencing an economic boom that is contributing to economic recovery and social progress in many countries. For this to continue, the mining industry must meet several challenges associated with the start-up of new projects. In a highly complex and uncertain environment, rigorous management of risks remains indispensable in order to repel threats to the success of mining.In this article, a new practical approach to risk management in mining projects is presented. This approach is based on a novel concept called “hazard concentration” and on the multi-criteria analysis method known as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The aim of the study is to extend the use of this approach to goldmines throughout Quebec. The work is part of a larger research project of which the aim is to propose a method suitable for managing practically all risks inherent in mining projects.This study shows the importance of taking occupational health and safety (OHS) into account in all operational activities of the mine. All project risks identified by the team can be evaluated. An adaptable database cataloguing about 250 potential hazards in an underground goldmine was constructed. In spite of limitations, the results obtained in this study are potentially applicable throughout the Quebec mining sector.     

铬渣对地下水、土壤、蔬菜污染机制的研究

本文对沈阳市化工石油厂（现为石油化工二厂），在６０年代产生废铬渣６０００余吨．由于铬渣堆放不合理，经过风吹雨淋造成了周围环境污染，导致了沈海菜田的地下水．土壤、蔬菜受到严重污染．通过专项调研，全面剖析了铬渣中的六价铬对地下水、土壤、蔬菜的污染规律．     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

煤矿采掘废弃物对地下水的影响

对抚顺矿区西舍场地下水做了调查及水质分析，结果表明：舍场地下水水质极差，为高矿化度、高硬度、重盐碱的硫酸盐型水，已失去饮用和工农业生产使用价值，成为域内地下水运移有害成分的载体。     

北京西单立体交通工程施工安全风险模糊分析

随着我国大规模城市地下空间的开发 ,需要分析和研究城市地下空间施工的安全风险。笔者结合北京西单立体交通工程 ,采用层次分析理论 ,探讨和分析施工过程的安全风险 ,定义施工中涉及的六大类主要安全风险 ;运用数学集合理论 ,建立风险因素集合论域U和分析评判集合论域V ,采用模糊数学理论 ,将风险因素集合论域U和分析评判集合论域V建立模糊映射关系和模糊关系 ,从而确定数学模型 ;根据西单立体交通工程施工安全风险调查采样分析 ,统计计算风险权重和建立模糊矩阵 ,定性、定量地比较了 3种施工方法的安全风险 ,经过归一化处理 ,给出施工方法的安全风险量 ,明确了适合西单地区的施工方法。