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281.
Burger J Gochfeld M Powers CW Kosson DS Halverson J Siekaniec G Morkill A Patrick R Duffy LK Barnes D 《Journal of environmental management》2007,85(1):232-244
It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions. 相似文献
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文章通过对东北地区长输油气管道工程建设可能产生的生态影响进行预测和分析,从工程建设的短期影响和长期影响两个方面,阐述长输油气管道工程建设对草原生态系统、湿地生态系统、森林生态系统、农田生态系统以及土壤所产生的生态影响,并从施工前期准备、施工期、施工后期恢复以及长期监测和管理等几个方面提出相应的对策和建议。 相似文献
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广东省天然气一期总长约466.5km,其中干线长度约369.1km,支干线长约97.4km。项目建设区域包括广州、佛山、肇庆、惠州、韶关、清远和东莞6市。天然气管道建设因其工程特性、施工方式,不可避免对土地利用类型、土壤、植被、动物、农业等方面带来影响,其表征为景观生态的直接影响,由此带来生态系统结构和功能的改变。以广东省天然气一期为例,采用遥感解译和GIS分析技术进行生态影响评价。通过地貌、植被、土地利用现状和现代地理过程等要素的组合,结合景观破碎度、多样性、优势度等指标,定量评价管道建设造成的景观生态影响。选取植被、土壤亮度、湿度、热度等指数,确立各指数权重分后,建立生态评价模型,对生态系统质量进行综合评价,分析管道建设可能造成的生态系统影响。评价区内景观生态类型可分为水域、旱地、水田、林地、草地、建设用地6种,各占6.5%、9.9%、51.2%、25.2%、2.8%和4.3%,破碎度为0.298,均匀度0.743,优势度0.594;生态环境质量可分为良好、中等、较差3类,各占39.8%、26.0%和34.2%。 相似文献
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为帮助决策机构快速高效地制定长输管道事故应急救援方案和行动目标,运用Agent (真体)对长输管道应急指挥决策系统进行设计.通过划分应急指挥系统层次,分析信息融合Agent、形势评估Agent、资源规划Agent这3个关键模块,建立基于Agent的应急指挥过程模型.结合应急指挥机构和应急指挥决策系统,提出应急指挥系统... 相似文献
289.
由“7·28”南京丙烯管道爆燃事故探讨我国地下管道存在的安全问题 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
"7·28"南京丙烯管道爆燃事故和近期发生的一系列管道事故反映出我国在地下管道安全方面存在的问题。在事故原因分析与共性问题探讨的基础上,结合欧美国家在管道安全管理中的成功做法,从加强法制建设、合理规划城市布局、进行重大危险源普查并建立监测监控系统、强化城镇地面开挖施工安全管理、加强风险沟通提高公众应急能力等方面提出了对策建议。 相似文献
290.
建立了多点地震动激励作用下的地下管网地震反应拟静力分析模型.首先建立基于有限单元模型的地下管网系统刚度方程,接着给出考虑地震动空间相关性及场地条件等诸多因素的地震动场模拟思路及管网系统地震动施加策略,最后通过解析法验证了模型的正确性.采用本文方法对一“十”字形管网进行了地震反应分析,结果表明:①管线轴向应力沿着管线长度... 相似文献