遗传神经网络在地下商场火灾风险评价中的应用

由于地下商场火灾时非线性强、风险大,目前国内没有明确的地下商场火灾风险评价模型。建立了地下商场火灾风险评价的指标体系。根据遗传神经网络原理提出了地下商场火灾风险的遗传神经网络评价模型,其中采用了适用于少样本评价的灰色聚类方法来确定训练遗传神经网络的样本。将所建立的模型通过实例评价进行了验证,结果表明此模型在地下商场火灾评价中具有较好的应用价值。     

长输油气管道泄漏监测预警技术分析及展望

长输油气管道一旦发生泄漏,可能引起灾难性事故,必须进行有效的监测与防护。研究了管道泄漏监测技术的分类方法,结合美国相关标准与国内泄漏监测技术应用现状,提出了管道泄漏监测系统的评价指标。综合分析了应用和研究较为广泛的负压波法和次声波法管道泄漏监测技术及分布式光纤预警技术的各种性能。     

深埋管道中泄漏孔对燃气泄漏影响的数值模拟*

为研究泄漏孔的各种因素对深埋土体中燃气管道泄漏的具体影响,采用1个包含燃气管道的三维模型,研究单个泄漏孔的大小、位置、形状对于埋地燃气管道泄漏的影响,并建立大小相等的双泄漏孔的燃气管道,确定双泄漏孔间距对于燃气泄漏扩散的影响。结果表明:泄漏孔越大,燃气在土壤中的扩散速度越快,且泄漏孔的大小对深埋燃气管道泄漏的影响最大;泄漏孔位置的影响次之,顶部与侧壁的泄漏孔扩散速度相差无几,底部泄漏孔的扩散速度远低于前2者;双泄漏孔间距的影响较小,双泄漏孔的距离越小,甲烷的扩散速度越快;泄漏孔形状对于深埋燃气管道泄漏扩散的影响非常小。     

基于稳态模型的井下抽采主管道泄漏检测方法研究*

为准确检测煤矿井下瓦斯抽采主管道泄漏位置,提出基于稳态模型的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,采用Comsol数值模拟及地面相似实验研究压力梯度法对煤矿井下抽采管道泄漏检测与定位的可行性及准确性。研究结果表明:管道未泄漏时,管内沿线压力呈均匀分布,当管道突发泄漏时,管内压力分布呈现明显弯折现象,弯折处即为管道漏点位置,并对管道阻力计算公式进行修正,提高了检测准确性;随着管道泄漏程度的加大,湍流效应显著增强,漏点处速度、压力产生明显突变,且当其他条件恒定时,随着管道泄漏孔径的扩大,管道的漏入量越大,定位的相对误差越小;在宏岩矿开展地面相似实验,实验结果绝对误差为4.5 m,相对误差为6%;在阳煤五矿井下8421抽采巷进行现场应用,绝对误差134 m,相对误差约7.95%。     

An integrated methodology to manage risk factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines

Aging urban oil and gas pipelines have a high failure probability due to their structural degradation and external interference. The operational safety of the aging urban oil and gas pipeline is challenged by different hazards. This paper proposes a novel methodology by integrating an index-based risk evaluation system and fuzzy TOPSIS model for risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines, and it is carried out by evaluating the priority of hazards affecting pipeline safety. Firstly, the hazard factors of aging urban oil and gas pipelines are identified to establish an index-based risk evaluation system. Subsequently, the fuzzy TOPSIS model is employed to evaluate the importance of these hazard factors and to decide which factors should be managed with priority. This work measures the importance of a hazard factor from three aspects, i.e. occurrence (O), severity (S) and detectability (D), and the weights of these three parameters are determined by a combination weight method. Eventually, the proposed methodology is tested by an industrial case to illustrate its effectiveness, and some safety strategies to reduce the operational risk of the pipeline are presented. The proposed methodology is a useful tool to implement more efficient risk management of aging urban oil and gas pipelines.     

A beetle antennae search improved BP neural network model for predicting multi-factor-based gas explosion pressures

A gas explosion in an underground structure may cause serious damage to the human body and ground buildings and may result in huge economic losses. The pressure of the gas explosion is an important parameter in determining its severity and designating an emergency plan. However, existing empirical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for pressure prediction are either inaccurate or inefficient when considering multiple influencing factors and their interrelationships. Therefore, for a more efficient and reliable prediction, the present study developed a multifactorial prediction model based on a beetle antennae search (BAS) algorithm improved back propagation (BP) neural network. A total of 317 sets of data which considered factors of geometry, gas, obstacle, vent, and ignition were collected from previous studies. The results showed that the established model can predict pressures accurately by low RMSE (43.4542 and 50.7176) and MAPE (3.9666% and 4.9605%) values and high R² (0.7696 and 0.7388) values for training and testing datasets, respectively. Meanwhile, the BAS algorithm was applied to improve both the calculation efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed model by enabling a more intelligent hyperparameter tuning method. Furthermore, the permutation importance of input variables was investigated, and the length (L) and the ratio of length and diameter (L/D) of geometry were found to be the most critical factors that affect the explosion pressure level.     

1种城市燃气管道风险评估模型及其应用研究

为科学评估燃气管道在复杂且敏感的城市环境中个人风险可接受情况,促进城市和谐稳定。以燃气管道泄漏射流火灾为事故场景,在常规评估基础上结合管道地区特点,构建基于公众可接受伤亡风险标准的评估模型,并通过案例分析,开展城市燃气管道个人风险定量评估研究。结果表明:我国城市燃气管道个人死亡风险、个人受伤风险可接受标准的建议值分别为5.00×10-6和2.74×10-5,其在一般情况下的公众可接受风险标准建议值范围为5.00×10-7~5.50×10-5和2.74×10-6~4.11×10-4;公众的伤亡风险感知偏差将直接影响风险评估结果,及时有效地对目标群体进行风险疏导以改善其风险认知,有助于避免公众风险感知偏差引发的负面社会效应。     

基于GIS天津市燃气管网预警系统的构建研究

基于GIS的原理,结合燃气事故的致因及其后果,对燃气泄漏模型、扩散模型、火灾及爆炸后果模型进行完善和改进,建立了燃气事故预警模型;通过Visual C++编程,借助ARCGIS平台将燃气事故预警模型与天津市燃气管网GIS相结合,构建了基于GIS的天津市燃气管网预警系统。该系统应用结果显示:由燃气事故预警模型计算得出的事故后果,通过GIS地理空间数据库和模型库的链接,实现了燃气泄漏点的可视化预警分析;并根据分析结果启动相应应急预案,实现了事故预警实时分析与应急预案启动的联动功能,为相关决策者提供了可靠决策依据。     

石油天然气长输管道危险性分析

基于四川省天然气长输管道事故的统计资料(即1969—1990年间发生的155次事故),结合1990年以后,直至1998年四川发生的管道事故,对油气长输管道所面临的各种可能的危险因素进行综合分析,找出油气长输管道事故诱因主要来自管道腐蚀、材料缺陷、设计和施工质量、不良环境条件和第三方破坏。进而分别探讨四大危险性因素对管道安全运行的影响,并从理论和工程角度提出了预防和控制油气长输管道事故的对策和建议。     

国际油气管道运输企业环境管理的先进经验及启示 ── 以Enbridge公司为例（二）

以加拿大Enbridge公司为例,从环境要素、环境应急管理等几方面,详细介绍了北美油气管道运输行业环境管理工作先进经验。在此基础上,对我国相关企业的环境管理提出了建议。