论城市减轻自然灾害系统工程

本文从系统论的观点说明城市自然灾害是地球自然灾害系统的一个组成部份,根据城市自然灾害的特点.对城市减轻自然灾害系统工程的初步设计进行了探讨.     

Field-scale modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils amended with urban waste composts

Composting has emerged as a valuable route for the disposal of urban waste, with the prospect of applying composts on arable fields as organic amendments. Proper management of urban waste composts (UWC) requires a capacity to predict their impacts on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the field, an issue in which simulation models are expected to play a prominent role.Here, we used a deterministic soil-crop model to simulate C–N dynamics in an arable field amended with three types of UWC (green waste and sludge, biodegradable waste, and solid waste), and a reference amendment (farmyard manure). The model is a version of CERES in which the soil C–N module was substituted with the NCSOIL model, whose microbiological parameters were determined from either laboratory incubation data or biochemical fractionation in a previous paper. CERES was tested against data from a field trial set up in 1998 in the Paris area, and managed as a maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation. Comparison of observed and simulated data over the first 4 years of the field trial showed that CERES predicted the soil moisture and inorganic N dynamics reasonably well, as well as the variations in soil organic C. In particular, the parameterization of UWC organic matter from biochemical fractions achieved a similar fit as the parameterization based on incubation data. Wheat yields were also correctly predicted, but a systematic under-estimation of maize yields pointed at an under-estimation of spring and summer mineralization of N by CERES.Simulated N fluxes showed that the organic amendments induced an additional leaching ranging from 1 to 8 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, which can be related to the initial mineral N content of the amendments. After 4 years, the composts had mineralized 3–8% of their initial organic N content, depending on their stability. Composts with slower N release had higher N availability for the crops. CERES could thus be used to aid in selecting the timing of compost application, in relation to its stability, based on both environmental and agronomical criteria.     

协同论、城市生态学及苏州河综合整治

从协同论和城市生态学的角度，对苏州河综合整治的定义、目的、方式进行了阐述了探讨。     

城市生活垃圾综合处理研究

简述城市生活垃圾单一处理方法中存在的不足与局限 ,指出综合处理作为一种先进的处理技术 ,是实现垃圾资源化处理的关键 ,并达到垃圾处理的减量化、无害化目的 ,而分选技术是垃圾综合处理的关键技术。就如何实现垃圾的综合处理提出了相应对策。     

关于实施沈阳可持续发展项目提高城市环境管理规划能力的探讨

介绍了沈阳可持续发展项目并探讨了该项目对沈阳市实施可持续发展的影响，突出了实施可持续发展战略对沈阳的影响，并对如何实施沈阳可持续发展战略、做好沈阳可持续发展项目提出了建议．     

我国城市污水几种处理工艺简介

介绍了近年来城市污水处理工程中常见的几种处理工艺和主要设计参数。     

Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

城市住宅小区的环境保护分析--以常州市为例

住宅小区是体现城市可持续发展、实施生态城市建设的重要领域。量化分析表明:常州市住宅小区环境保护的综合水平一般,但新建小区在环境质量和环境建设方面有明显进步,景观建设的水平较好,绿化质量有待提高,选址对小区的环境质量有实质性的影响,城市规划应强化生活功能分区并优化配置资源,小区建设中循环经济的理念薄弱,是小区建设的软肋,节能、节水、垃圾分类收集的水平还很低,小区居民绿色生活的水平也不高。今后,小区循环经济建设和居民绿色生活培养应是重点关注和实践的领域。     

Urban garbage disposal and management in China

This paper, probing into the present situation of urban domestic garbage by analyzing its growing trend, compositional change and regional difference, reveals the problems existing in its disposul and management in China. Meanwhile, a questionnaire was conducted in five big cities around China for surveying urban residents‘ attitudes towards garbage disposal and management policies and measures. Results showed the outlmt of urban domestic garbage in Chinese cities is ever increasing, and the recoverable materials and energy in garbage composition are also increasing. The population growth, economic development, and increase of residents‘ expenditure level are the main factors influencing the growing output and changing composition of the garbage. Information acquired from the questionnaire showed that majority of the urban residentsare in favor d the garbage reduction policies and managerial measures and are willing to collaborate with municipal government in battling against gadbage. Based on the analysis and questionnaire, some policymaking-oriented suggestions such as operating the garbage disposal from a social welfare service to a sector of profit-gaining enterprises, transferring the garbage management from passive end control to active source control,promoting the classified garbage collection in cities around China, and charging garbage fees for its cleanup and disposal, have also been put forward in the paper.     

北方城市垃圾的回收和利用

随着城市垃圾的迅速增长，垃圾污染问题异常尖锐突出，特别是北方城市尤为严重。本文围绕北方城市如何选择合适的垃圾处理技术进行探讨。提出现阶段在大中城市开展综合处理。在小城市采取以卫生填埋为主、堆肥为辅的处理技术，是解决城市垃圾问题的有效途径。