生活垃圾在不同湿解条件下蛋白质含量的动态分析研究

垃圾湿解处理工艺是一种新型的垃圾处理工艺,将垃圾中的有机物回收利用,只将少量的垃圾进行填埋或焚烧处理,不仅减少了垃圾量且使资源利用达到最大化。研究所得成果,能够促进垃圾湿解处理工艺的不断改进和完善。以烟台市生活垃圾处理厂经过湿解处理的垃圾筛下物作为实验样品。通过控制变量法、平行实验法以及考马斯亮蓝法进行比色实验,最终分析得出生活垃圾湿解的最佳条件。根据试验样品所给湿解条件范围以及实验数据的综合分析可推断出当湿解压强为0.6 MP、湿解温度为110℃、湿解时长为50 min时湿解后垃圾中蛋白质含量最高,湿解效果最好。     

含油率对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾含油率高,且随着地域的变化有显著差别,含油率的高低对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气有一定影响.在中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)条件下,研究了不同含油率(0、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)对餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中日产气量、累计产气量、总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)及甲烷产量的影响.结果表明:在中温和高温条件下,当含油率为6%时,200 g餐厨垃圾的累计产气量达最大值,分别为1391.6 m L和2165.9 m L.此时,TS和VS的去除率也最高,中温时去除率分别为29.4%(TS)和33.9%(VS),高温时去除率分别为33.2%(TS)和38.0%(VS).在餐厨垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中,甲烷的产量占可燃气的体积分数逐渐升高.在中温厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到26 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为80.5%.在高温干式厌氧发酵条件下,含油率为10%的餐厨垃圾发酵进行到23 d时,甲烷的体积分数最高,为84.2%.     

Analysis and assessment of the Qingdao crude oil vapor explosion accident: Lessons learnt

A devastating crude oil vapor explosion accident, which killed 62 people and injured 136, occurred on November 22, 2013. It was one of the most disastrous vapor cloud explosion accidents that happened in Qingdao's storm drains in China. It was noted that blast overpressure and flying debris were the main causes of human deaths, personal injuries and structure damages. Two months after the accident, it was reported that there were three contentious issues in the investigation report. First issue was the discrepancy between the temperature of the crude oil vapor explosive limits which were measured by the investigation panel and the temperature reported by the local fire department. Second issue was the contradiction between the upper explosive limit and vapor pressure of the crude oil vapor. The last issue was the location of the ignition source which led to the explosion.In the present study some specific features of this accident and various causes led to the explosion, high casualties and severe damages were analyzed. Three contentious issues in the official investigation report were investigated and tested in detail. The first element tested was the explosive limits and limiting oxygen concentration of the crude oil vapor at different temperatures. Based on theoretical analysis and field investigations, the last two elements in the report were analyzed from multiple perspectives. Based on the TNO Multi-Energy model and PROBIT equations, damage probability of affected people at the leaking site was also estimated. The investigation concluded with a result that precautions need to be taken to prevent flammable gas explosions in the drainage systems. Key steps were explicitly discussed for improving the hazard identification and risk assessment of similar accidents in the future.     

Trace metal concentrations in hairs of three bat species from an urbanized area in Germany

Metal-contaminated soils and sediments are widespread in urbanized areas due to atmospheric deposition close to emission sources. These metals are bio-available for organisms, e.g., insects, and accumulate in food chains of insectivorous mammals. Especially bats, which live in urban regions and ingest large amounts of food relative to their body mass, are at risk of being poisoned due to the accumulation of trace metals. To determine species-specific trace metal contents in bats from urban environments, hair samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. Observed trace metal concentrations were related to species-specific foraging habitat, prey spectrum and degree of synanthropy. The species studied were Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Myotis daubentonii and Nyctalus noctula. P. pipistrellus showed the highest concentrations of lead and zinc and slightly higher concentrations of cadmium than the other two species, which was related to its high degree of synanthropy with foraging habitat mostly located in cities. In contrast, N. noctula displayed the highest contents of manganese and copper. The reason might be found in its prey spectrum, as N. noctula feeds mainly on beetles that are caught in cultured areas. Trace metal concentrations determined in hair samples of M. daubentonii ranged between the values of P. pipistrellus and N. noctula, probably reflecting an intermediate level of synanthropy. Positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of cadmium and lead and those of manganese and copper. Hair samples from bats are suitable monitoring tools to study trace metal exposure and can be used to determine differences in trace metal levels between species.     

Application of game theory in risk management of urban natural gas pipelines

This paper presents a game theory methodology for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines, which is a collaborative participation mechanism of the stakeholders, including government, pipeline companies, and the public. Firstly, the involvement proportion of stakeholders in risk management under rational conditions is estimated by the static game theory. Subsequently, the system dynamics (SD) simulation is used to establish an evolution game model of stakeholders in risk management under the irrational conditions, in which the stability of the evolution game process is analyzed. The stakeholders’ involvement proportions from the static game model are utilized as the inputs for the evolution game model to simulate the dynamic evolution behavior of risk management strategies with different involvement proportions of stakeholders. Eventually, the dynamic evaluation game can extract an optimal strategy for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines. A case study is used to illustrate the methodology. In essence, this methodology can be extended for implementing risk management of urban infrastructure.     

新疆城市噪声污染现状特征与防治对策

通过对新疆维吾尔自治区16个主要城市声环境质量常规监测数据的分析,阐述了新疆维吾尔自治区城市区域、道路交通和功能区噪声主要污染现状、时间分布及污染特征,并提出相关污染防治对策,为环境管理部门制定噪声污染防治政策提供参考。     

我国居民生活垃圾分类处理研究综述

居民生活垃圾分类处理是我国生态建设研究的重要内容。随着绿色环保、循环经济的不断推进,如何有效处理居民生活垃圾是我国社会各界亟待解决的问题。以中国知网数据库20多年有关居民生活垃圾分类处理的研究文献为研究对象,对我国学界对此问题的研究状况进行了分析研究。自1996以来我国学界关于居民生活垃圾分类处理的研究不断增加;近15年的研究主题主要集中在我国居民生活垃圾分类回收现状、垃圾处理技术与方法、垃圾分类管理制度及运行机制、其他国家居民生活垃圾分类处理的先进经验介绍等几方面。在综合分析研究现状的基础上,反思现有研究有待加强改进之处,以期为我国居民生活垃圾分类和处理研究提供参考。     

海港城市的声环境规划

概要分析海港城市声环境的特征;论述了海港城市编制声环境规划的必要性和紧迫性,并提出了声环境规划的步骤和方法;还介绍了连云港市的声环境规划。     

AHP法在城市生态系统质量评价中的应用

AHP法是规划决策管理的有效工具,本文通过在城市生态系统质量评价中AHP法的应用着重阐述了城市生态系统的层次结构分析和在多级递阶结构的基础上,经过判断矩阵的建立和运算,为城市生态系统质量评价中权重确定的科学化提供了定量的依据。      

城市环境综合整治最优规划模型和应用

本文是将大规模系统数学规则方法应用于城市环境综合规划的探索。通过建立耦合模块把水环境保护,大气环境保护,固体废弃物管理以及经济发展、能源、资源利用等有机地结合在一起,实现了各环境要素真正的综合规划,而不是简单的线性迭加,实例研究定量地考证了水环境和大气环境污染控制之间的相关性,从理论和实践两个方面证实城市环境综合规划的必要性。