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961.
Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Zhang W Zhang S Wan C Yue D Ye Y Wang X 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):594-601
Diagnostic ratios and multivariate analysis were utilized to apportion polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources for road runoff, road dust, rain and canopy throughfall based on samples collected in an urban area of Beijing, China. Three sampling sites representing vehicle lane, bicycle lane and branch road were selected. For road runoff and road dust, vehicular emission and coal combustion were identified as major sources, and the source contributions varied among the sampling sites. For rain, three principal components were apportioned representing coal/oil combustion (54%), vehicular emission (34%) and coking (12%). For canopy throughfall, vehicular emission (56%), coal combustion (30%) and oil combustion (14%) were identified as major sources. Overall, the PAH's source for road runoff mainly reflected that for road dust. Despite site-specific sources, the findings at the study area provided a general picture of PAHs sources for the road runoff system in urban area of Beijing. 相似文献
962.
Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville 总被引:28,自引:0,他引:28
Several metals in urban soils of Seville were extracted by two methods, which respectively give estimates of the available and ‘quasi total’ contents. Although the soils did not show strong heterogeneity in their general properties, high dispersion of the contents in those metals with greater relative availability, Cu, Pb and Zn, as compared to others suggested that pollution with these three metals could occur in some sampling sites. It was shown that the contents in these metals tend to increase as the historic quarters of the city are approached. Using reference values given by the Québec Ministry of Environment it was shown that those green areas closer to the historic centre present contents in Pb, Zn and particularly Cu that often exceed the acceptable limits for residential, recreational and institutional sites. From background contents for Seville soils estimated from a park located on the outskirts, a pollution load index (PLI) for each sampling site was calculated for the set of these three metals. It was shown that the PLI tends to increase as traffic density increases and as distance from main traffic decreases, but poor regressions were obtained, suggesting that other variables different from traffic should be considered. 相似文献
963.
Contribution to biomonitoring of some trace metals by deciduous tree leaves in urban areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tomasević M Vukmirović Z Rajsić S Tasić M Stevanović B 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):393-401
Leaves of the deciduous tree species, horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) were used as accumulative biomonitors of trace metal pollution in the urban area of Belgrade. Using differential pulse
anodic stripping voltametry, trace metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined at the single leaf level (ten leaves
per species, per month), during two successive years with markedly different atmospheric level of trace metals. Increased
trace metal concentrations in the leaves of A. hippocastanum reflected elevated atmospheric trace metal pollution, whereas C. colurna L. did not respond accordingly. The contents of Pb and Zn in soil over the same period also followed this trend. Anatomical
analyses, in young as well as in old leaves of both species, indicated typical foliar injuries of plants exposed to stressful
air conditions. Water relations that correspond to leaf age may have contributed to the considerable trace metal accumulation
in leaves. 相似文献
964.
Concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils of Talcahuano (Chile): a preliminary study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tume P Bech J Sepulveda B Tume L Bech J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,140(1-3):91-98
Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the top-(0–10 cm) and sub-surface (10–20 cm) soils of the Talcahuano urban area
were measured. The main soil properties (organic matter, CaCO3, pH, particle sizes) were determined for a network of representative sampling sites. The mean Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents
in the urban topsoil samples from Talcahuano (37.8, 22.6, 35.2, 333 mg kg−1, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations for other cities around the world. The results revealed higher concentrations
of heavy metals in topsoil samples than in sub-surface samples. The samples from IS1, IS2, and IS3, located in the Talcahuano
industrial park, had higher Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents than did samples from the other sites. This was probably due to local
pollution by industrial (metallurgical) dust, although other diffuse pollution throughout the entire port region (shipyards,
metallurgy, the dismantling of old ships), and contributions from the wind from adjacent industrial, storage, and vessel areas
clearly played a role. Heavy metals were lowest in the sample taken on school grounds (SG). 相似文献
965.
966.
辽宁省朝阳市城市污水BOD与COD关系的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从BOD与COD的构成及降解动力学出发,探讨了BOD与COD的相关关系,得到了BOD5与COD的相关模型,应用朝阳市城市污水的实测数据和数理统计模型进行了检验。 相似文献
967.
城市土壤吸附重金属动力学特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以长春市土壤为对象,既研究了长春市土壤理化性质特征,又采用间歇法研究了城市土壤吸附重金属Pb、Cd和Cu动力学特征及其两者之间的关系。结果表明:长春市土壤pH接近于中性或者偏碱性;土壤碳酸钙、有机质含量升高;土壤砂粒化;土壤CEC和Eh具有逐渐降低的趋势。土壤吸附重金属动力学过程包括快速阶段和慢速阶段,不同重金属在不同吸附阶段吸附速率明显不同。双常数速率方程和Elovich方程基本上可以描述土壤对Pb、CA和Cu吸附的动力学过程。pH、碳酸钙和砂粒含量是影响Pb吸附速率的主要因子;碳酸钙含量是影响CA吸附速率的主要因子。 相似文献
968.
969.
Introduction: Little is known about how characteristics of the environment affect pedestrians’ road crossing behavior. Method: In this work, the effect of typical urban visual clutter created by objects and elements in the road proximity (e.g., billboards) on adults and children (aged 9–13) road crossing behavior was examined in a controlled laboratory environment, utilizing virtual reality scenarios projected on a large dome screen. Results: Divided into three levels of visual load, results showed that high visual load affected children’s and adults’ road crossing behavior and visual attention. The main effect on participants’ crossing decisions was seen in missed crossing opportunities. Children and adults missed more opportunities to cross the road when exposed to more cluttered road environments. An interaction with age was found in the dispersion of the visual attention measure. Children, 9–10 and 11–13 years old, had a wider spread of gazes across the scene when the environment was highly loaded—an effect not seen with adults. However, unexpectedly, no other indication of the deterring effect was found in the current study. Still, according to the results, it is reasonable to assume that busier road environments can be more hazardous to adult and child pedestrians. Practical Applications: In that context, it is important to further investigate the possible distracting effect of causal objects in the road environment on pedestrians, and especially children. This knowledge can help to create better safety guideline for children and assist urban planners in creating safer urban environments. 相似文献
970.
This paper examines the impact of urban afforestation on infant health outcomes by exploiting a quasi-experimental setting where one million new trees were planted in New York City (NYC), but not in counties surrounding NYC over the same time period. Using a near-universal birth record of NYC and surrounding counties over 2004–2015 and employing both the synthetic control method and a difference-in-differences model, we find that an approximately 20% increase in urban forest cover decreased prematurity and low birth weight among mothers in NYC by 2.1 and 0.24 percentage points, respectively, relative to similar mothers outside of NYC. The low birth weight finding is equivalent to getting a mother smoking two cigarettes a day during pregnancy to quit. An internal validity test suggests that changes in the composition of NYC mothers cannot explain the observed effects. Additionally, we find evidence that declines in PM2.5 concentrations and increases in outdoor walks are potential causal mechanisms. Results suggest that urban afforestation may be able to complement existing policies aimed at improving infant health. 相似文献