城市规划中的环境保护对策思考

结合实际,对城市规划中的环境保护措施进行研究,首先阐述城市规划的原则要求,其次在论述城市建设与环境保护内容的基础上,总结当前城市规划中环境保护的问题现状,最后,对提升城市规划环境保护的措施分析,可以给相关领域的研究者提供参考。     

What is left behind when the lights go off? Comparing the abundance and composition of litter in urban areas with different intensity of nightlife use in Mar del Plata,Argentina

Nightlife activities represents an important source of urban litter; the latter often being left behind or abandoned in public places and streets. Mar del Plata is a very important city on the Atlantic coast of Argentina and is the main tourism destination in the South Atlantic region of South America. However, few studies on urban litter related to nightlife activities have been conducted in the area. Here we assessed (i) the abundance and composition of litter, and (ii) the spatial and temporal variations of its abundance, diversity, richness and evenness in urbanized areas with different intensity of nightlife activities from April 2008 to March 2009. An overall of 13,503 items were counted. Around 92% of the total litter was comprised by cigarette butts, papers and plastics. We found significant spatial differences in the abundance of litter between sampling sites, with the greatest amounts of litter at the Alem site followed by the Hipólito site (both with an intensive nightlife activity) compared with the Chauvin site (a quiet high-income neighborhood). The composition of litter of the Alem and the Hipólito sites was relatively similar and both sites differ with respect to the Chauvin site. Cigarette butts, papers, and plastics were the items that contributed most to the dissimilarity between sampling sites. The diversity of litter was the single community parameter that significantly differed from the other seasons. We discussed the potential effect of nightlife activities on the amounts and quality of urban litter in the city of Mar del Plata.     

城市餐厨垃圾产生现状调查及影响因素分析

在我国选取有地域代表性的4个城市:青岛、嘉兴、贵阳、西宁,通过问卷与实地跟踪形式调查各城市餐厨垃圾产量,并分析了4个城市餐厨垃圾成分特征。结果表明:青岛、嘉兴、贵阳、西宁4个城市餐厨垃圾产量分别为265、163、579和355 t/d;4个城市餐厨垃圾的含水率、可燃物含量、营养物含量分别为73.67%⁷8.27%、0.93%78.27%、0.93%².48%、9.04%2.48%、9.04%¹5.59%,其中西宁和贵阳餐厨垃圾中的油脂含量相对较高,青岛和嘉兴餐厨垃圾中的杂物含量相对较多。应用灰色关联度分析法计算了餐厨垃圾产量的影响因素,如人口数量、性别比例、人均GDP、城市居民人均消费支出和食品人均消费支出与产生量的关联度,各影响因素与餐厨垃圾产量的关联度大小依次为城市人口>性别比例>食品人均消费支出>人均GDP>城市居民人均消费支出。     

中国农村生活垃圾处理模式研究

文章主要对农村生活垃圾来源、分类以及产生强度等方面进行阐述,结合中国农村实际村情,从降低生活垃圾污染、保护生态环境,实现农村生活垃圾的资源化、减量化、无害化角度开展研究,在分析农村生活垃圾收运处理现状并结合不同村情的前提下,提出了“村集-镇运-县（区）处理三级式处理模式”、“混合投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”、“分类投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”。     

Street floods in Metro Manila and possible solutions

Urban floods from thunderstorms cause severe problems in Metro Manila due to road traffic. Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived topography, flood simulations and anecdotal reports, the root of surface flood problems in Metro Manila is identified. Majority of flood-prone areas are along the intersection of creeks and streets located in topographic lows. When creeks overflow or when rapidly accumulated street flood does not drain fast enough to the nearest stream channel, the intersecting road also gets flooded. Possible solutions include the elevation of roads or construction of well-designed drainage structures leading to the creeks. Proposed solutions to the flood problem of Metro Manila may avoid paralyzing traffic problems due to short-lived rain events, which according to Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) cost the Philippine economy 2.4 billion pesos/day.     

Buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulation over urban areas

In the buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulations (BTDAC) that occur over urban areas where the approach means wind speeds are very low (less than turbulent fluctuations and typically < 3 m/sec), the surface temperatures are significantly higher than those in the external rural areas, and the atmosphere above the mixing layer is stably stratified. In this paper, the mechanisms of BTDAC formation are studied through laboratory experiments and modelling, with additional low-level inflow from external rural areas and a divergent outflow in the opposite direction in the upper part of the mixed layer. Strong turbulent plumes in the central region mix the flow between lower and higher levels up to the inversion height. There are shear-driven turbulent eddies and weaker buoyant plumes around the periphery of the urban area. As the approach flow is very weak, the recirculating streamlines within the dome restrict the ventilation, and the dispersion of pollution emitted from sources below the inversion height leading to a rise in the mean concentration. Low-level air entrained from rural areas can, however, improve ventilation and lower this concentration. This trend can also be improved if the recirculating structure of the BTDAC flow pattern over urban areas breaks down as a result of the surface temperature distribution not being symmetrical, or as the approach wind speed increases to a level comparable with the mean velocity of circulation, or (except near the equator) the urban area is large enough that the Coriolis acceleration is significant.     

城市复合生态适应性管理方法研究——以广州市增城区为例

以广州市增城区为研究案例,从广州市增城区生态管理背景与现状入手,讨论了应该如何通过适应性管理目标、管理原则以及明确不确定因素来构建生态适应性管理的体系,并在此基础上找到了广州市增城区城市复合生态适应性管理的有效方法。研究结果可以为今后广州市增城区,乃至全国的城市生态建设和管理起到相应指导作用。     

论城市规划与环境规划的隔阂与合力

文章通过分析城市规划与环境规划的在起源、价值观、技术方法和工作流程中的联系,论述了二者在理想状态下相互促进、形成合力的可能性;通过分析实践中可能存在缺位错位的环节和深层的思想、制度根源,指出城市规划和环境规划出现隔阂甚至对立的症结,并着重就做好规划环评、重新定义各类规划角色地位、城市规划自身的全面生态化三方面寻求解决途径。     

英国生活垃圾污染防治研究

当前,"垃圾围城"是每个发展中的城市都要面临的实际问题.通过对英国生活垃圾污染防治法律法规、政策措施、宣传教育、分类回收等的系统整理和分析,建议中国在政府层面,加强顶层设计,完善法律法规,形成分工明确的制度体系和责、权、利统一的管理体系;在实施层面,推广有效的垃圾回收处理技术,完善垃圾回收、处理的基础设施,加强宣传教育,制定扶持政策,鼓励社会资本参与垃圾分类收集处理,将垃圾处理作为一个产业做强做大.     

城市“热岛”的时空分布特征与盛夏防暑降温对策

从城市“热岛”形成的原因和时空分布的特征出发 ,探讨了夏季城市防暑降温所应该采取的措施。