三峡库区消落带沉积物-水界面汞的扩散特征

通过模拟实验研究了三峡库区消落带沉积物-水界面汞及甲基汞的扩散。结果表明,三峡库区消落带浅水沉积物中的甲基汞占总汞的比例为0.41%±0.29%,深水沉积物中的甲基汞占总汞的比例为0.74%±0.52%。深水沉积物比浅水沉积物具有更高的甲基汞产率。随着淹水时间的延长,沉积物中甲基汞的含量呈指数增长。沉积物中的甲基汞生成动力学方程符合零级反应方程。沉积物中无机汞的扩散以Freundlich修正式拟合效果最好,相对好氧的环境更有利于沉积物中无机汞的释放。相应地,甲基汞的扩散以抛物线扩散方程拟合效果最好,黑暗厌氧的环境更有利于沉积物中甲基汞的释放。三峡库区消落带沉积物-水界面无机汞的扩散通量为154.65±47.12~160.23±56.19 ng/(m~2·d),甲基汞扩散通量为7.61±3.39~7.79±4.56 ng/(m~2·d)。随着淹水时间的增加,孔隙水无机汞及甲基汞向上覆水体的释放通量均表现为先增加后减小的趋势。沉积物中的甲基汞对上覆水体甲基汞含量的贡献率为1.5%~14.3%,释放量为0.28~0.85 kg/a。而沉积物中的汞对上覆水体汞含量的贡献率为0.20%~1.70%,释放量为5.64~17.55 kg/a。     

船舶操控台控制界面人机工程设计标准研究

为了探讨船舶操控台控制界面人机工程设计标准制定的必要性和标准化建议,采用文献分类、汇总和分析的方法,对国内外控制界面人机工程设计标准的现状及船舶操控台控制界面人机工程设计标准化对象进行深入分析.当前针对控制界面的通用标准在应用于船舶操控台时,需要进行具体化和进一步细化,船舶控制界面应进行功能分组,控制界面上各装置应与操纵员特征耦合.因此,迫切需要在人机交互实验的基础上,研制船舶操控台控制界面人机工程设计标准.在研究借鉴国内外船舶操控台控制界面相关标准研制现状的基础上,提出了船舶操控台控制界面标准化工作建议.     

大气汞均相和非均相化学反应过程研究进展

作为环境中汞传输的最重要通道,大气在汞的全球生物地球化学循环和传输扩散中起着极其关键的作用.大气环境成分复杂,汞在随大气环境传递过程中会经历复杂的化学反应,并导致不同形态之间相互转化,这也成为影响大气汞远距离传输尺度的关键因素.本文主要对大气汞在不同相界面之间的分配过程和主要影响因素(包括相界面的物理化学性质和外部环境条件等)进行了总结;对大气Hg0主要氧化反应过程(卤族元素氧化和O_3、OH·氧化)进行了阐述;对大气Hg~(2+)还原反应过程,尤其是光致还原反应等进行了梳理.如何综合运用野外监测分析和室内模拟等,利用微观分子表面分析等新技术明确大气汞均相、非均相反应过程,并将反应机理与大气汞传输过程模拟系统融合,将是未来大气汞研究的重要内容之一.     

絮凝浓缩武汉市巡司河底淤泥的研究

目的研究武汉市巡司河底淤泥在不同无机絮凝剂及PAM的助凝作用下淤泥清浑分界面的沉降速率、淤泥浓缩比以及淤泥沉降指数的变化情况。方法采用实验研究的方法,对巡司河底淤泥进行沉降实验,并通过沉降分析找到最佳脱水效果的脱水剂。结果当淤泥质量分数为10%时,Ca(OH)2取得的絮凝脱水效果最好,Ca(OH)2投加比为5 g/L,PAM投加比为0.04 g/L时,淤泥清浑分界面的沉降速率最大可达到3.7 cm/min,淤泥浓缩比为3.94,淤泥沉降指数为24.9%。结论 Ca(OH)2和PAM对巡司河底淤泥的脱水有促进效果,淤泥在Ca(OH)2和PAM共同作用下先后经历了自由沉降、絮凝沉降、区域沉淀和压缩沉降。     

Assessment practices in the policy and politics cycles: a contribution to reflexive governance for sustainable development?

ABSTRACT

This article examines systematic assessment practices linked to sustainable development policies. We consider five types of assessment—monitoring, policy evaluation, formal audit, peer review, and specialist reporting—and explore their fate in the policy and electoral politics cycles. In contrast to traditional views of the policy cycle, we note that systematic assessments provide complementary feedback around the entire policy cycle. However, despite this omnipresence, their policy relevance is usually severely limited, inter alia because the policy cycle captures only parts of the political reality. A major concern for politicians (but not necessarily for policy or governance scholars) that goes far beyond the formulation and implementation of policies is the broader cycle of electoral politics that determines the state's political personnel as well as government priorities. Here, we highlight that the findings of systematic assessments are often lost in a cacophony of voices to which politicians are more carefully attuned, such as media responses and opinion polls, implying that scientific evidence is simply ‘overwritten’ with other kinds of evidence representing alternative rationalities and priorities. Despite numerous shortcomings, the true value of systematic assessment practices lies in their potential to furnish ammunition to state and non-state actors interested in securing change.     

Conservation Focus on Europe: Major Conservation Policy Issues That Need to Be Informed by Conservation Science

Abstract:  Europe is one of the world's most densely populated continents and has a long history of human-dominated land- and seascapes. Europe is also at the forefront of developing and implementing multinational conservation efforts. In this contribution, we describe some top policy issues in Europe that need to be informed by high-quality conservation science. These include evaluation of the effectiveness of the Natura 2000 network of protected sites, implications of rapid economic and subsequent land-use change in Central and Eastern Europe, conservation of marine biodiversity and sustainability of fisheries, the effect of climate change on movement of species in highly fragmented landscapes, and attempts to assess the economic value of ecosystem services and biodiversity. Broad policy issues such as those identified are not easily amenable to scientific experiment. A key challenge at the science–policy interface is to identify the research questions underlying these problem areas so that conservation science can provide evidence to underpin future policy development .     

黄河水中沉积物与锌、镉液-固界面的作用

研究了黄河水中沉积物与重金属污染物Zn^2 、Cd^ 的离子交换吸附作用。结果表明,Zn^2 、Cd^2 在黄河水中主要以M（OH）^ 的形式与沉积物进行－价阳离子交换反应;在天然黄河水pH范围内,Zn^2 、Cd^2 的离子交换率都大于70％;随温度升高,Zn^2 、Cd^2 与沉积物的交换率增加,E-pH曲线向pH值减小的方向位移。     

Test procedure for evaluating the human–machine interface of vehicles with automated driving systems

Abstract

Objective: The human–machine interface (HMI) is a crucial part of every automated driving system (ADS). In the near future, it is likely that—depending on the operational design domain (ODD)—different levels of automation will be available within the same vehicle. The capabilities of a given automation level as well as the operator’s responsibilities must be communicated in an appropriate way. To date, however, there are no agreed-upon evaluation methods that can be used by human factors practitioners as well as researchers to test this.

Methods: We developed an iterative test procedure that can be applied during the product development cycle of ADS. The test procedure is specifically designed to evaluate whether minimum requirements as proposed in NHTSA’s automated vehicle policy are met.

Results: The proposed evaluation protocol includes (a) a method to identify relevant use cases for testing on the basis of all theoretically possible steady states and mode transitions of a given ADS; (b) an expert-based heuristic assessment to evaluate whether the HMI complies with applicable norms, standards, and best practices; and (c) an empirical evaluation of ADS HMIs using a standardized design for user studies and performance metrics.

Conclusions: Each can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination to generate objective, reliable, and valid evaluations of HMIs, focusing on whether they meet minimum requirements. However, we also emphasize that other evaluation aspects such as controllability, misuse, and acceptance are not within the scope of the evaluation protocol.     

A Systematic Procedure for Modeling Usability Based on Product Design Variables: A Case Study in Audiovisual Consumer Electronic Products

A systematic modeling approach to describing, prescribing, and predicting usability of a product has been presented. Given the evaluation results of the usability dimension (UD) and the measurement of the product’s design variables, referred to as the human interface elements (HIEs), the approach enables one to systematically assess the relationship between the UD and HIEs. The assessed relationship is called a usability model. Once built, such a usability model can relate, in a quantitative manner, the HIEs directly to the UDs, and thus can serve as an effective aid to designers by evaluating and predicting the usability of an existing or hypothetical product. A usability model for elegance of audiovisual consumer electronic products has been demonstrated.     

人工冻结法调控多年冻土区桩基础地温场的效果分析*

为了解决青藏铁路运营过程中,由于多年冻土地基的升温退化,部分多年冻土区桥梁桩基础承载性能下降,产生有害沉降变形,进而造成桥梁上部结构移位破坏,甚至部分桥梁桩基础在短时间内产生较大的沉降变形这一严重问题。基于当前多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害快速抢修技术空缺,提出人工冻结技术处置多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害的新设想,利用数值软件建立冻结管-桩基础三维模型分析该技术的可行性与调控效果,分析冻结参数、场地冻土条件等对冻结效果的影响。研究结果表明:人工冻结法可以快速降低桩周多年冻土温度;同时,冻结96 h可以对桩基地温场起到较好的冷却效果;冻结管至桩的距离对冻结效果的影响最为显著,冻土的含冰量越大,则降温速率越慢。