数字化控制室信息显示对人因可靠性的影响

数字化技术的应用使主控室内信息显示方式发生了重大变化。通过比较分析数字化主控室与传统主控室人机界面中信息显示方面各自的特征,发现人机界面数字化后,巨量信息与有限显示的矛盾非常突出,并伴随产生任务繁重但又是必须的界面管理任务,它们对人因可靠性产生了前所未有的影响,增加了新的人因失误源,可能出现新的人误模式。提出3个新的科学概念,即信息显示率、信息提供率和数据更新率,认为研究这3个概念之间的关系和它们对操纵员认知行为的影响,是解决巨量信息与有限显示矛盾的有效途径。     

Connectivity between countries established by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway

The conservation of long-distance migratory birds requires coordination between the multiple countries connected by the movements of these species. The recent expansion of tracking studies is shedding new light on these movements, but much of this information is fragmented and inaccessible to conservation practitioners and policy makers. We synthesized current knowledge on the connectivity established between countries by landbirds and raptors migrating along the African–Eurasian flyway. We reviewed tracking studies to compile migration records for 1229 individual birds, from which we derived 544 migratory links, each link corresponding to a species’ connection between a breeding country in Europe and a nonbreeding country in sub-Saharan Africa. We used these migratory links to analyze trends in knowledge over time and spatial patterns of connectivity per country (across species), per species (across countries), and at the flyway scale (across all countries and all species). The number of tracking studies available increased steadily since 2010 (particularly for landbirds), but the coverage of existing tracking data was highly incomplete. An average of 7.5% of migratory landbird species and 14.6% of raptor species were tracked per country. More data existed from central and western European countries, and it was biased toward larger bodied species. We provide species- and country-level syntheses of the migratory links we identified from the reviewed studies, involving 123 populations of 43 species, migrating between 28 European and 43 African countries. Several countries (e.g., Spain, Poland, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo) are strategic priorities for future tracking studies to complement existing data, particularly on landbirds. Despite the limitations in existing tracking data, our data and results can inform discussions under 2 key policy instruments at the flyway scale: the African–Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan and the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia.     

模拟界面污染条件下的电接触性能及磨损研究

目的 模拟有机物挥发的气氛环境,研究载荷对界面污染条件下电接触性能的影响.方法 选用铜作为基底,将其置于有机气氛环境中进行贮存.将初始表面与贮存后的表面作为待试验表面,将两者置于大气及有机气氛2种环境中进行电接触试验.通过摩擦系数和接触阻值分析其电接触性能,结合磨痕形貌、截面轮廓及成分,揭示其磨损机理.结果 有机气氛环...     

重庆几种地表类型土/气界面汞交换通量

应用RA915+汞分析仪与动力通量箱(DFC)联用技术,在重庆市不同区域选取几种地表类型(3个林地、2个草地和1个耕地)进行了土气界面间汞交换通量的研究.结果表明,汞交换通量范围为-59～733.8ng·m-2·h-1,平均值为115.8ng·m-2·h-1,汞交换通量大小顺序为污染区(气象站)>裸地(耕地)>大学园区(草地)>清洁区(林地).土壤汞含量、光照强度、相对湿度、土壤温度等环境因素对汞交换通量有较大影响.同时对区域汞释放进行了初步的估算,2003年重庆市从林地、耕地(旱地)和草地释放到大气中的总汞量约为791kg,释放强度为17.1g·km-2·a-1.     

侧流除磷工艺在城市污水厂中的应用

根据侧流除磷工艺在城市污水厂中的应用实践,探索了生物除磷与化学除磷相结合的侧流除磷工艺的应用规律,总结了在工程应用中为工艺稳定运行所采取的一些措施和方法。     

RHIZOtest: A plant-based biotest to account for rhizosphere processes when assessing copper bioavailability

The ability of the free ion activity model (FIAM), the terrestrial biotic ligand model (TBLM), the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and a plant-based biotest, the RHIZOtest, to predict root copper (Cu) concentration in field-grown durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum L.) was assessed on 44 soils varying in pH (3.9-7.8) and total Cu (32-184 mg kg⁻¹). None of the methods adequately predicted root Cu concentration, which was mainly correlated with total soil Cu. Results from DGT measurements and even more so FIAM prediction were negatively correlated with soil pH and over-estimated root Cu concentration in acidic soils. TBLM implementation improved numerically FIAM prediction but still failed to predict adequately root Cu concentration as the TBLM formalism did not considered the rhizosphere alkalisation as observed in situ. In contrast, RHIZOtest measurements accounted for rhizosphere alkalisation and were mainly correlated with total soil Cu.     

The Challenge of Bridging Science and Policy in the Baltic Sea Eutrophication Governance in Finland: The perspective of Science

This article examines the views of scientists on intricacies of scientific knowledge that affect science–policy interface in the Baltic Sea eutrophication governance in Finland. The analysis demonstrates that these intricacies can be divided into five categories: (1) uncertainty of knowledge concerning ecological processes, (2) heterogeneity of knowledge, (3) societal and political call for (certain) knowledge, (4) contingency of the knowledge that ends up taken as a baseline for decision making and further research, and (5) linkages of knowledge production, processing, and communication to particular characteristics of individual researchers and research societies. By explicating these aspects, this article illustrates the ways in which scientific knowledge concerning eutrophication is human-bound and susceptible to interpretation, thus adding on to the uncertainty of the Baltic Sea environmental governance. The aim is, then, to open up perspectives on how ambiguities related to science–policy interface could be coped with.     

城镇-森林交界域火灾灾害链网络模型构建及风险分析

为确定城镇—森林交界域火灾灾害演化关系及风险特征,预防灾害事件发生,从157个火灾案例中提取43个典型灾害事件,运用灾害链和复杂网络理论,构建城镇-森林交界域火灾灾害链演化模型。使用Python工具对灾害链网络中关键节点、关键边和最短路径分析。结果表明:化工厂爆炸、加油加气站爆炸、城镇火灾、污染水质、污染空气及城市生命线损毁是关键节点,山洪—道路损毁、河流泥沙淤积—山洪、堤坝决堤—山洪、堰塞湖—山洪、森林火灾—城镇火灾是关键边。研究结果可为城镇-森林交界域火灾的防控、断链减灾提供科学依据,具有较高的现实意义。     

红外林火探测仪高速数字图像接口的设计

由于红外林火探测仪的视频输出采用高速的LVDS接口;不能直接与DSP处理器直接连接,这里介绍了一种在视频输出的LVDS接口与DSP处理器之间利用FPGA接口实现高速数字图信号的缓冲的方法。     

Tool for assessment of process importance at the groundwater/surface water interface

The groundwater/surface water interface (GWSWI) represents an important transition zone between groundwater and surface water environments that potentially changes the nature and flux of contaminants exchanged between the two systems. Identifying dominant and rate-limiting contaminant transformation processes is critically important for estimating contaminant fluxes and compositional changes across the GWSWI. A new, user-friendly, spreadsheet- and Visual Basic-based analytical screening tool that assists in evaluating the dominance of controlling kinetic processes across the GWSWI is presented. Based on contaminant properties, first-order processes that may play a significant role in solute transport/transformation are evaluated in terms of a ratio of process importance (P_i) that relates the process rate to the rate of fluid transfer. Besides possessing several useful compilations of contaminant and process data, the screening tool also includes 1-D analytical models that assist users in evaluating contaminant transport across the GWSWI. The tool currently applies to 29 organics and 10 inorganics of interest within the context of the GWSWI. Application of the new screening tool is demonstrated through an evaluation of natural attenuation at a site with trichloroethylene and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane contaminated groundwater discharging into wetlands.