汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物营养盐和重金属风险特征研究

采集汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物柱状样,分析沉积物常规理化指标、上覆水和孔隙水中营养盐含量、以及表层沉积物重金属含量,采用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)计算营养盐扩散通量,评估沉积物营养盐释放风险,并评价表层沉积物重金属生态风险.结果表明:所有采样点氨氮及磷酸盐均从沉积物向上覆水释放,表明水质存在内源营养盐(氨氮和磷酸盐)释放风险.氨氮、磷酸盐扩散通量范围分别为42.431~81.369 mg·m-2·d-1、0.745~1.437 mg·m-2·d-1,均以航空路样点最大.表层沉积物重金属污染指数SPI值为6.1,总体表现为中度风险;其中小清河样点SPI值为11.8,达到高风险.小清河Cu、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为131.17 mg·kg-1、57.97 mg·kg-1和398.59 mg·kg-1,均超过相应的SEL值(最高效应阈值).富集系数研究表明汉江支流表层沉积物中Cd富集现象严重,平均富集系数高达4.57.汉江襄阳段入江支流沉积物存在内源营养盐释放风险,中度重金属生态风险,且Cd累积风险突出.因水文调控减少汉江干流流量进而导致河流稀释自净能力减弱,从而对汉江水质安全构成较大威胁.     

Communication and use of climate scenarios for climate change adaptation in Finland,Sweden and Norway

This paper assesses the communication and the use of climate scenarios at the science–science and science–policy interface in Finland, Sweden and Norway. It is based on document analysis and stakeholder questionnaires. The questionnaires targeted three stakeholder groups, all engaged in the communication and the use of climate scenario information: climate scenario producers; impact, adaptation and vulnerability (IAV) experts; and policy-makers. The respondents were asked to identify issues associated with the communication of scenarios and other needs pertaining to the usefulness and availability of such information. Despite the relatively long history of climate change adaptation in the three countries, climate scenarios are not utilised to their full potential. Climate scenarios have been used in awareness raising, problem understanding and strategy development. However, far less examples can be found on adaptation actions, particularly on harnessing the benefits of climate change. The communication between climate scenario producers and IAV experts functions well; however, communication between climate researchers and policy-makers is less efficient. Each country has developed boundary services to enhance dissemination of the climate scenario information to policy-makers. They are cost-efficient but do not necessarily enhance the comprehension of the information and encourage the actual dialogue between scenario producers and the end-users. Further translation of scenario information to impact and vulnerability estimates together with established boundary work could improve the use of climate research information. As adaptation policy in these countries further progresses towards implementation, there are increasing expectations of support from research, further challenging the communication of climate scenarios.     

微电极测量系统在湖泊沉积物-水界面生物地球化学过程研究中的应用

本文利用微电极测量系统对高原深水型湖泊红枫湖沉积物-水界面O2和H2S的微剖面分布进行了高分辨率研究。结果表明,红枫湖北湖中部和大坝沉积物-水界面扩散边界层厚度约为0.7mm,O2的扩散通量(J)分别为5.80和7.65mmol·m-2·d-1,O2的渗透深度分别为3.6±0.3mm和3.4±0.9mm,H2S的剖面变化主要受沉积物组成、O2消耗速率和硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分布的影响。微电极测量系统具有原位测定、时空分辨率高、数据可靠性好等优点,在湖泊沉积物-水界面微尺度生物地球化学过程和驱动机制研究方面可发挥重要作用。     

苯并[a]蒽与肺表面活性剂混合磷脂的相互作用

为探究多环芳烃对肺表面活性物质（PS）膜的影响,选取1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱（DPPC）和1-棕榈酰-2-油酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱（POPC）混合磷脂为PS模型,研究了苯并[a]蒽与DPPC/POPC混合磷脂的界面化学相互作用.结果表明,苯并[a]蒽对DPPC/POPC混合膜的相变影响显著,会削弱膜的抗形变能力、干扰膜分子的致密有序排列,这一不利影响随POPC占比增多更加明显.DPPC/POPC混合磷脂胶束会包裹苯并[a]蒽对其产生增溶作用,当DPPC浓度为200mg/L时,苯并[a]蒽的表观溶解度接近水溶液的3倍且POPC含量增加会促进胶束的分散使增溶更显著.苯并[a]蒽与DPPC/POPC混合磷脂的相互作用既抑制PS的生理功能,又会影响苯并[a]蒽的溶解迁移,进一步增加苯并[a]蒽的暴露风险.同时生理条件变化引起PS组分的改变可能导致苯并[a]蒽潜在毒性的差异,对患有相关肺部疾病的人群造成的肺损伤可能更严重.     

春季潘家口水库沉积物-水界面氮磷赋存特征及迁移通量

以春季潘家口水库沉积物为研究对象,分析了水库整体营养盐污染现状及内源释放特征.通过高分辨率间隙水采样器（HR-Peeper）获得沉积物间隙水,以此分析营养盐垂向分布特征及空间差异性;以原柱样沉积物静态释放试验获取沉积物-水界面营养盐迁移通量,并分析了潘家口水库内源负荷特征.结果表明：库区沉积物营养盐释放风险较高,TN、TP含量分别为3701.59~8221.28和756.28~1696.15mg/kg.通过C/N比确定2017年以前的网箱养殖残留的饲料和鱼粪是水体富营养化的主因.原柱样静态释放结果表明,NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^－-N、NO₂^－-N、SRP交换通量分别为23.71~156.80,-7.37~-161.78,1.64~33.4和0.56~2.86mg/（m²·d）,潘家口水库内源负荷相对较高.该结果与水库本身的高有机质及氮磷赋存量、生物分解耗氧及春季逐步提高的水温有关,导致营养盐加速释放进入上覆水柱.潘家口水库的内源负荷能够加速水库的富营养化进程,应采取措施控制潘家口水库内源负荷.     

公路运输振动环境下发动机粘接界面受载情况分析

目的 基于实测数据,分析公路运输时发动机粘接界面处受振动载荷情况,为振动试验提供依据.方法 采用加速度传感器记录公路运输下加速度数据,对信号进行时域统计分析,并完成载荷谱的构建,通过有限元软件,构建发动机简化模型,进行发动机模态分析和振动过程模拟.结果 对消除趋势项后信号进行统计分析,信号峰值大于3倍均方根值,表明振动数据中包含数值急剧变化的部分,信号峭度为9.34,属于超高斯分布,采集信号中包含冲击信号.将简化后PSD作为输入进行模态分析,结果表明,后封头底端粘接界面位移较大,通过选取的4个参考点上看,位移和加速度均方根值突变的频率在33 Hz附近.模拟实际振动过程发现,前封头及筒段处粘接界面所受应力较为均匀,约为25 kPa,在封头和圆筒段相接处应力值较大,特别是在后封头顶端,存在应力集中,应力值最大可达130 kPa.从应力历程上可以看出,药柱的松弛效应使得冲击过后应力幅值迅速变小.结论 通过实测数据与有限元软件结合,完成了发动机粘接界面模态分析和实际振动过程模拟,为后续振动试验提供了基础.     

Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on methylmercury at the sediment–water interface

Sediment cores(containing sediment and overlying water) from Baihua Reservoir(SW China)were cultured under different redox conditions with different microbial activities, to understand the effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB) on mercury(Hg) methylation at sediment–water interfaces. Concentrations of dissolved methyl mercury(DMe Hg) in the overlying water of the control cores with bioactivity maintained(BAC) and cores with only sulfate-reducing bacteria inhibited(SRBI) and bacteria fully inhibited(BACI) were measured at the anaerobic stage followed by the aerobic stage. For the BAC and SRBI cores, DMe Hg concentrations in waters were much higher at the anaerobic stage than those at the aerobic stage, and they were negatively correlated to the dissolved oxygen concentrations(r =- 0.5311 and r =- 0.4977 for BAC and SRBI, respectively). The water DMe Hg concentrations of the SRBI cores were 50% lower than those of the BAC cores, indicating that the SRB is of great importance in Hg methylation in sediment–water systems, but there should be other microbes such as iron-reducing bacteria and those containing specific gene cluster(hgc AB), besides SRB,causing Hg methylation in the sediment–water system.     

珠江口三维水质与底泥耦合模型的验证及应用

基于一维河网与三维河口耦合水动力模型,建立了可描述珠江口水体-底泥中营养盐动态变化的三维水质-底泥模型,利用1999年和2006年夏季观测数据对模型进行了验证,在此基础上,模拟分析了珠江口主要水质因子和底泥营养盐通量的分布特征,以及底泥通量对珠江口营养盐输入的贡献.验证结果表明,模型能较好地反映出水体和底泥中的营养盐及溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征,各水质因子的模拟值与观测值的相对误差均小于38%;另外,底泥营养盐通量的模拟值与文献报道的实测结果较为接近,表明模型能合理地刻画出底泥主要生化过程及通量变化特征.模拟结果显示,夏季珠江口氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)通量主要从底泥向水体输送,底泥是水体氮磷元素的源,而硝态氮和亚硝态氮(NO_3~-+NO_2~-,NO23)的通量输送方向则与之相反,底泥呈现“汇”的效应;底泥营养盐通量主要从河口向外海递减,伶仃洋NH_4~+-N、NO23、PO_4~(3-)-P的通量变化范围分别为0.24~8.88、-10.06~-0.14、-0.37~0.41 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),珠江口近海的通量变化范围分别为-0.01~4.14、-1.45~0.68、-0.12~0.09 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1).整体而言,底泥营养盐通量对珠江口营养盐输入有明显贡献,夏季经底泥释放进入水体的NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P最大相当于陆源总氮、总磷输入量的12%和22%.     

基于运动形态的人机系统理论在港口件杂货装卸作业中的应用研究

港口装卸作业过程中"人机配合"作业是较为常见的一种形式。本文通过人机系统理论分析了在港口装卸工人与机械配合作业过程中各类事故发生的原因,探索了消除"人机配合"作业中的不安全因素的解决方案,有效降低了安全风险,大大减少了生产安全事故的发生,提高了港口生产作业整体安全水平。     

污染河口区沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的实验研究

采集青岛市李村河口下游沉积物柱状样品,通过实验室培养实验,研究了溶解氧、温度、盐度、生物扰动等环境因素对沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响。结果表明,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P在贫氧环境下的交换通量要高于富氧条件下,NO2-N受溶解氧含量的影响较小;随着温度的升高,NO3-N、NH4-N、PO4-P的交换通量增大,而NO2-N的交换通量减小;NO2-N和NH4-N的交换通量随盐度增大而增大,NO3-N减小,而PO4-P受盐度的影响较小;生物扰动对营养盐在沉积物-水界面的交换通量的影响显著。