A WINDOWS‐BASED GIS‐AGNPS INTERFACE1

ABSTRACT: ArcView Nonpoint Source Pollution Modeling (AVNPSM), an interface between ArcView GIS and AGNPS (Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Model) is developed in support of agricultural watershed analysis and nonpoint source pollution management. The interface is PC‐based and operates in a Windows environment. It consists of seven modules: AGNPS utility, parameter generator, input file processor, model executor, output visualizer, statistical analyzer, and land use simulator. Basic input data to the interface include: soil, digital elevation model, land use/cover, water features, climate, and information on management practices. Application of the AVNPSM to a sample watershed indicates that it is user friendly, flexible, and robust, and it significantly improves the efficiency of the nonpoint source pollution modeling process.     

Relationships of Human Disturbance, Bird Communities, and Plant Communities Along the Land-Water Interface of a Large Reservoir

We examined the relationships of humanactivity, bird communities, and plant communities along theland-water interface of Lake Texoma, a large human-madereservoir on the Texas-Oklahoma border. Measurements ofhuman activity, plant surveys, and bird surveys wereperformed at 40 paired transects, one with humandisturbance, the other undisturbed. Both principalcomponents and correspondence analyses of bird-survey dataseparated disturbed sites from paired undisturbed sites, andtypical disturbance-tolerant species from those lesstolerant of human activity. Compared to undisturbed sites,disturbed sites tended to have more individual birds persurvey, pavement, and mowed lawns, and less canopy,vegetation volume, and vegetation vertical diversity. Aprincipal components analysis of quantitative disturbancemeasurements revealed that most bird and plant measures werehighly correlated with the first disturbance component. However, the correlation between birds and human activitywas much stronger than that between birds and plants, orbetween plants and disturbance. Our data suggest that bird-species composition is regulated more by human activity thanby plant-community composition. Also, in this system, birdcommunities are a better choice than plant communities toindex the effect of human disturbance. To maintain regionaldiversity of both birds and plants, undisturbed areas shouldbe maintained around reservoirs.     

澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水-上覆水营养盐特征与交换通量分析

为分析澜沧江梯级水库建设对澜沧江流域沉积物-水界面交换过程的影响,于2016年2~3月对澜沧江云南段间隙水-上覆水氮、磷营养盐进行了调查与分析.结果表明,澜沧江自然河道沉积物间隙水总氮(TN)均值为15.254 mg·L~(-1),显著高于水库均值6.577 mg·L~(-1);但其总磷(TP)均值为0.654 mg·L~(-1),低于水库区域的1.432 mg·L~(-1).澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水氮、磷浓度均高于上覆水浓度,上覆水-间隙水垂向TN浓度在表层沉积物处达到最大值,且自然河道总溶解氮(DTN)扩散通量均值为2.117 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),高于水库的均值0.785 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);但其总溶解磷(DTP)扩散通量为0.044 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),低于水库的均值0.053 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),上覆水氮盐主要来源于沉积物间隙水.澜沧江梯级水库建设导致的沉积物组成差异与水体扰动差异是间隙水-上覆水界面交换差异的主要原因.     

四面山大洪湖底泥/水界面汞的迁移转化规律

森林生态系统的汞产量可以用森林湖泊或水库的动态变化来表征.而且,下游汞浓度的变化也可以在一定程度上反映森林生态系统汞的输出.通过对四面山大洪湖上游、中游、下游丰水期与枯水期汞的分布与沉积物剖面的分析发现:大洪湖上覆水中总汞浓度在丰水期显著增加(丰水期平均值4. 33 ng·L~(-1),枯水期1. 85 ng·L~(-1)),在下游尤为明显,其总汞和甲基汞的含量明显高于其他类型湖泊,但小于受到污染的湖泊,说明四面山常绿阔叶林具有一定"汞源"的特征,同时沉积物也是大洪湖上覆水中甲基汞和无机汞的输入源;甲基化过程主要发生在沉积物的表层,丰水期时甲基化过程更活跃;在丰水期时,更有利于汞和甲基汞从沉积物固相进入沉积物液相,从而进入上覆水中.     

Forest and Farmland Conservation Effects of Oregon’s (USA) Land-Use Planning Program

Oregons land-use planning program is often cited as an exemplary approach to forest and farmland conservation, but analyses of its effectiveness are limited. This article examines Oregons land-use planning program using detailed spatial data describing building densities in western Oregon. An empirical model describes changes in building densities on forest and agricultural lands from 1974 to 1994, as a function of a gravity index of lands commuting distance to cities of various sizes, topographic characteristics, and zoning adopted under Oregons land-use planning program. The effectiveness of Oregons land-use planning program is evaluated based on the statistical significance of zoning variables and by computing estimated areas of forest and agricultural lands falling into undeveloped, low-density developed, and developed building density categories, with and without land-use zoning in effect. Results suggest that Oregons land-use planning program has provided a measurable degree of protection to forest and agricultural lands since its implementation.     

存域网(SAN)在数字图书馆中信息安全的应用研究

数字图书馆是图书馆信息化建设的必然趋势 ,通过采用存域网 (SAN ,StorageAreaNetwork)技术 ,可以保证图书馆数据信息的可靠与安全 ,笔者分析了根据不同的需求 ,采用不同的SAN拓扑结构 ,为图书馆信息网络建设提供了多种可靠的解决方案     

软件工程可视化开发环境方法

分析“可视化技术”的现状及发展趋势。指出研制“可视化开发环境”的重要性,并提出了一种集可视化用户界面设计、可视化模型构造、可视化编程三者于一体的工程软件可视化开发环境模型。     

Designing a new science-policy communication mechanism for the UN Convention to Combat Desertification

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) has lacked an efficient mechanism to access scientific knowledge since entering into force in 1996. In 2011 it decided to convene an Ad Hoc Working Group on Scientific Advice (AGSA) and gave it a unique challenge: to design a new mechanism for science-policy communication based on the best available scientific evidence. This paper outlines the innovative ‘modular mechanism’ which the AGSA proposed to the UNCCD in September 2013, and how it was designed. Framed by the boundary organization model, and an understanding of the emergence of a new multi-scalar and polycentric style of governing, the modular mechanism consists of three modules: a Science-Policy Interface (SPI); an international self-governing and self-organizing Independent Non-Governmental Group of Scientists; and Regional Science and Technology Hubs in each UNCCD region. Now that the UNCCD has established the SPI, it is up to the worldwide scientific community to take the lead in establishing the other two modules. Science-policy communication in other UN environmental conventions could benefit from three generic principles corresponding to the innovations in the three modules—joint management of science-policy interfaces by policy makers and scientists; the production of synthetic assessments of scientific knowledge by autonomous and accountable groups of scientists; and multi-scalar and multi-directional synthesis and reporting of knowledge.     

Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review

Governance across the land-sea interface is an emerging challenge. The propensity for, and intensity of social-ecological interactions across this interface (e.g., eutrophication, sedimentation) are being exacerbated by cross-system threats (e.g., climate change). We draw on a systematic review of 151 peer-reviewed papers on governance and land-sea connections to (1) outline the current state of the literature, (2) examine the predominance of different approaches to address land-sea interactions, (3) characterize how governance is conceptualized within these approaches, (4) investigate governance challenges, and (5) provide insights into effective governance. The review finds that the number of relevant papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most of these papers are found in interdisciplinary journals. Ecosystem-based management is the most predominant approach found in the literature as a means to address land-sea interactions. Papers referring to ecosystem-based management are more likely than those referring to alternative management approaches (e.g., integrated management) to highlight science-policy integration and the need to account for interactions between ecosystem components as elements of effective governance. The main governance challenges include determining boundaries, addressing cross-scale effects, and accessing knowledge. However, few empirical studies of governance across the land-sea interface have been completed. A richer conceptual framework of governance is required to improve our ability to navigate the rapid social and environmental change occurring across the land-sea interface.     

How to be a more effective environmental scientist in management and policy contexts

This paper is intended for young researchers with an environmental conscience, alerting them that a self-centred ecology can work against conservation and other desirable goals. I propose that there is confusion in the biophysical ecologists’ community about the role of knowledge, stemming from several already surpassed beliefs that have been strongly criticized by scholars in the field of science and technology studies. In particular, environmental scientists still often seem trapped in the information deficit model, assuming a linear and unidirectional flow of knowledge from experts to users. This leads to an incomplete understanding and unrealistic expectations of ongoing processes of citizen participation (co-production of knowledge), impatience regarding the speed at which issues can be dealt with by politics, and a fuzzy notion of the role of our convictions regarding the value of nature conservation when we are consulted as experts. I analyse the consequences of disregarding tacit knowledge, i.e. the one knowledge beyond that codified in academic papers and books. I emphasize that preferences and values have a large influence on how we perceive, process, and act (or postpone to act) on information on our non-exclusive roles as scientists, decision makers or citizens. I argue that this is why political and ideological preferences have a large influence not only on which teams are appointed to solve problems, but also on which situations are perceived as problematic and given higher priorities. I include a cheat-sheet to enhance communication with decision-makers and other non-scientists that could prevent environmental zeal to be transformed into society’s annoyance and our eventual irrelevance. I plea for a more realistic attitude towards ecological research, highlighting that in environmental debates we are also long-term stakeholders, and not only casual, external and aseptic observers.