固液界面吸附机制与模型——“环境水质学前沿专栏”序言

固液界面吸附是环境水化学及水处理技术研究中的一项重要内容.本文阐述了目前固液界面吸附研究方面取得的主要进展,对吸附剂表面性质、吸附络合物形态、表面反应描述中使用的一些重要实验技术、理论计算方法和模型模拟手段进行了系统的介绍,并展望了固液界面吸附研究的发展趋势.表面表征技术、理论计算及表面络合模型的发展、应用和结合有力地促进了人们对各种固液界面体系吸附机制的深入理解,对于阐明污染物在水环境中迁移转化规律,及开发新型吸附剂有着重要的科学意义.     

黑色金属挤压力的智能化计算

以MATLAB应用软件作为开发平台介绍了黑色金属挤压力智能化计算软件的开发方法,设计的界面友好,操作简单,可实现冷挤压力的智能化计算以及工艺参数优化设计。软件计算的挤压力的大小与传统方法比较相对误差小于5%。     

夏季太湖草/藻型湖区N2O生成与迁移特征及其影响因素

多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放的空间异质性给准确地估算湖泊N_2O通量及评估湖泊N_2O排放的重要性带来了很大的不确定性,有关多生态类型湖泊N_2O生成与排放特征及内在机制的研究相对较少.本研究对夏季太湖典型草/藻型湖区水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存浓度以及水-土界面N_2O通量进行了原位观测及室内分析,并针对影响N_2O生成与排放的主要环境因子进行了室内微环境实验.结果表明,夏季水-气界面N_2O通量、水体溶存N_2O浓度及水-土界面N_2O通量大致上呈现为挺水植物湖区藻型湖区沉水植物湖区,水-气界面通量分别为(115.807±7.583)、(79.768±1.842)和(3.685±0.295)μmol·(m2·h)-1;水体溶存N_2O浓度分别为:(0.051±0)、(0.029±0.001)和(0.018±0)μmol·L~(-1),水-土界面通量分别为:(178.275±3.666)、(160.685±0.642)和(75.665±1.016)μmol·(m2·h)-1;空间差异原因可归结为生长的植物以及水体中无机氮浓度的差异.水-土界面微环境实验结果表明,外加硝酸盐及有机碳源可以显著增加沉积物N_2O生成潜力,而上覆水中高浓度NH+4-N会抑制沉积物N_2O生成,随温度升高,沉积物N_2O生成速率显著增加,这表明夏季水-土界面N_2O的生成与排放主要受硝酸盐及有机碳的限制,同时也受温度的影响.     

我国典型潮间带沉积物-水界面无机氮源汇效应

以中国东部沿海12个典型潮间带为研究对象,通过室内模拟测定了潮间带沉积物-水界面硝酸盐(NO_3~-)和氨氮(NH_4~+)的源汇通量,分析了沉积物对上覆水体无机氮源汇效应的空间分布特征,以及环境因子的影响.结果发现:(1)NO_3~--N的总通量范围是-2.91~3.34 mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),NH_4~+-N的总通量范围是-4.36~2.34 mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1).12℃和35℃温度下,无机氮的平均值是-0.04 mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),我国东部典型潮间带沉积物表现为氨氮和硝氮的有效汇库.(2)潮间带的硝氮和氨氮通量存在纬度分异.12℃时,纬度越高,氨氮硝氮通量值越大;25℃和35℃时,潮间带硝氮通量值大小随纬度的变化为,25°~35°N15°~25°N35°~45°N.而氨氮通量值,25°~35°N15°~25°N35°~45°N.(3)温度通过影响硝化反硝化的耦合作用影响无机氮通量.潮间带的NO_3~--N通量随温度的增加而减小,15°~25°N和35°~45°N地区NO_3~--N通量随温度先升高再降低,25°~35°N地区NO_3~--N通量随温度一直减小.每个纬度区,温度越高,NH_4~+-N通量值越低.(4)上覆水体的盐度、沉积物总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)含量,孔隙水氨氮、硝氮浓度,容重等环境因子对通量没有单一的显著影响,协同影响NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N在潮滩沉积物水界面的空间分异.     

K2FeO4氧化降解3,4－二甲基苯胺的机理研究

以3,4－二甲基苯胺为目标污染物,高铁酸钾（K₂FeO₄）为氧化剂,考察催化氧化过程中的表观动力学及反应机制,确定高铁酸钾降解3,4 －二甲基苯胺的表观动力学方程为：r=0.0043C_A^0.486C_B^1.2477,反应级数为1.7337,符合准二级动力学方程.同时通过GC/MS技术,分析降解过程的中间产物,推测在高铁酸钾的作用下,3,4－二甲基苯胺先转变成2,4－二甲基苯胺,然后苯环上的氨基及甲基先后被氧化,生成4－硝基间苯二甲酸,再发生脱羧反应,生成硝基苯,硝基苯被高铁酸钾进一步攻击,生成苯环正离子,其后开环生成一系列小分子烃类物质,这些物质继续被氧化,最终生成二氧化碳与水.推测该氧化还原过程的控制反应为两步：第一步,高铁酸钾攻击3,4－二甲基苯胺苯环上的侧链;第二步为苯环的开环反应.此降解过程主要包括表面络合催化与界面催化两种反应机制.     

Ecological knowledge and North Sea environmental policies

In an analysis of North Sea eutrophication science and policies, focusing on the period 1980–2005, it was investigated how scientific information was used in policy-making. The analysis focused on the central assumptions of the rational policy-making model, i.e. that scientific information can be used to formulate decisions, based upon objective scientific information (rational decision-making), and secondly, can support implementing these decisions (rational management). In general terms, the following was concluded:

• •More knowledge has increased rather than reduced uncertainty;
• •In order to handle the problem of dealing with complexity and uncertainty at the political level, a simplification of facts has occurred, in this case focusing on nutrients as the main cause of the problem, at the same time excluding other possible causes;
• •Both the limited scientific view (i.e. the nutrient view) and the exaggeration of the seriousness of the problem (impacts, scope) have been used as an authoritative basis for the justification of political decisions. Both were not supported by the majority of the scientific community;
• •New scientific knowledge, not in support of existing policies, has been excluded from the policy process;
• •The science–policy interface, mainly consisting of “civil-servant scientists”, that emerged and increased its influence over the period of investigation, has been the central element in the simplification and exclusion process.

The main lesson learned is that work at the interface of science and policy must be subject to democratic principles, i.e. be transparent and involving all parties with a stake in the issue under consideration.     

与土体部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与SH波的动力相互作用

利用波函数展开法结合奇异积分方程技术,研究了部分脱离的埋置半圆形基础与土体的出平面动力相互作用问题。把脱离区看做界面裂纹,将问题归结为一组奇异积分方程。通过数值计算获得了土体和基础中的位移场。利用动应力强度因子描述了粘接区的切应力强度,其结果显示:有缝隙界面基础与土体的动力相互作用呈现明显的低频共振特性。奇异积分方程技术的引入,使得笔者所用方法与已有方法相比更具一般性。研究结果对埋置结构的安全评估与寿命预测具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

Practical actions for applied systematic conservation planning

Systematic conservation planning is intended to inform spatially explicit decision making. Doing so requires that it be integrated into complex regulatory and governance processes, and there are limited instances where this has been achieved effectively. South Africa is a global leader in the application of conservation plans, the outputs of which are widely used for spatial planning and decision making in many spheres of government. We aimed to determine how conservation planning in the country progressed from theory to implementation, and to identify practical actions that enabled this transition, by assessing temporal trends in the characteristics of conservation plans (1990–2017, n = 94). Since 2010 conservation planning has entered an operational period characterized by government leadership of plans, administrative rather than ecological planning domains, decreasing size of planning units, increasing emphasis on end-user products, and scheduled revision of plans. Key actions that enabled this progression include transitioning leadership of plans from scientists to practitioners, building capacity within implementing agencies, creating opportunities to integrate plans in legislative processes, establishing a strong community of practice, adopting implementation-focused methods, and balancing standardization with innovation. Learning from this model will allow other countries, particularly those with a similar megadiverse, developing context, to operationalize conservation planning into spatial planning and decision making.     

Policy-makers perspectives on credibility,relevance and legitimacy (CRELE)

For more than a decade, a popular theory amongst scholars of science-policy interactions has been that research is most effective at informing policy and decision-making processes when it is credible, relevant and legitimate (CRELE) with multiple audiences simultaneously. In this paper, we argue that this triad reflects a primarily intra-scientific perspective, rather than the needs and considerations of policy-makers themselves. Using over seventy semi-structured interviews with policy-makers, we present alternative criteria for effective science-policy interactions based on experiences in the urban water sector. We find that applicability, comprehensiveness, timing and accessibility (ACTA) better summarises the most important aspects of scientific research when it comes to influencing decision-making, while finding that CRELE was a poor predictor of policy-maker concerns. Whilst the ACTA quartet effectively gives double-billing to the ‘relevance’ component of CRELE, credibility and legitimacy were much lower priorities for policy-makers interviewed. This article questions whether CRELE is a useful mindset for researchers interested in policy influence. These findings will be of interest to those engaged in debates related to effective science-policy interactions more broadly, and researchers that want to marshal policy influence more specifically.     

The social side of spatial decision support systems: Investigating knowledge integration and learning

Spatial decision support systems (SDSS) represent a step forward in efforts to account for the spatial dimension in environmental decision-making. The aim of SDSS is to help policymakers and practitioners access, interpret and understand information from data, analyses and models, and guide them in identifying possible actions during a decision-making process. Researchers, however, report difficulties in up-take of SDSS by the intended users. Some suggest that this field would benefit from investigation of the social aspects involved in SDSS design, development, testing and use. Borrowing insights from the literature on science-policy interactions, we explore two key social processes: knowledge integration and learning. Using a sample of 36 scientific papers concerning SDSS in relation to environmental issues, we surveyed whether and how the selected papers reported on knowledge integration and learning. We found that while many of the papers mentioned communication and collaboration with prospective user groups or stakeholders, this was seldom underpinned by a coherent methodology for enabling knowledge integration and learning to surface. This appears to have hindered SDSS development and later adoption by intended users.