基于虚拟样机技术的游乐设施安全分析方法探讨

游乐设施安全问题日益受到人们的关注。笔者介绍了虚拟样机技术的产生及其发展情况 ,并对两种主要虚拟样机应用软件 (ADAMS软件和SIMPACK软件 )进行了比较。根据目前国内游乐设施安全问题的实际情况 ,提出了应用虚拟样机技术解决该问题的重点和难点 .在充分分析的基础上 ,结合ADAMS软件论证了应用虚拟样机技术解决游乐设施安全问题的可能性 ,提出了初步的解决方法。为进一步将此方法应用于实际奠定了理论基础。     

基于虚拟现实技术的起重作业人员培训仿真系统研究

特种作业人员之一的起重作业人员的安全培训工作由于受实际条件的限制,一般实际操作培训并不到位,这给生产实践中的安全问题带来了隐患,因此需要开发出能替代用于生产的起重设备来进行实际操作培训的仿真虚拟培训系统.本文介绍了系统的开发环境及用户操作界面,并且以货物偏摆为例建立了仿真模型,用Simulink验证了建立该仿真培训系统对于作业人员操作培训效果的有效性,对于我国的安全培训工作有着十分重要的意义.     

The use of virtual environments for percentage view analysis

It is recognised that Visual Impact Assessment (VIA), unlike many other aspects of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), relies less upon measurement than upon experience and judgement. Hence, it is necessary for a more structured and consistent approach towards VIA, reducing the amount of bias and subjectivity. For proposed developments, there are very few quantitative techniques for the evaluation of visibility, and these existing methods can be highly inaccurate and time consuming. Percentage view changes are one of the few quantitative techniques, and the use of computer technology can reduce the inaccuracy and the time spent evaluating the visibility of either existing or proposed developments. For over 10 years, research work undertaken by the authors at the University of Nottingham has employed Computer Graphics (CG) and Virtual Reality (VR) in civilian and industrial contexts for environmental planning, design visualisation, accident reconstruction, risk analysis, data visualisation and training simulators. This paper describes a method to quantitatively assess the visual impact of proposed developments on the landscape using CG techniques. This method allows the determination of accurate percentage view changes with the use of a computer-generated model of the environment and the application of specialist software that has been developed at the University of Nottingham. The principles are easy to understand and therefore planners, authorisation agencies and members of the public can use and understand the results. A case study is shown to demonstrate the application and the capabilities of the technology.     

虚拟现实技术与火灾时人员应急疏散行为研究

分析人员疏散行为的目标规则、约束规则和运动规则 ,以及三者之间的相互关系 ;研究了人员疏散的行为规律 ;提出了建立建筑物火灾事故的虚拟现实环境 ;建立并完善人员应急疏散行为数据库 ;进行了人员应急疏散行为的模拟和建筑物安全疏散性状的概率危险性评价。其研究成果可用以直观、具体地指导建筑物安全疏散设计和火灾安全管理 ,并且可作为应急决策和消防演习的一种非常有价值的参考工具     

Obtaining Environmental Favourability Functions from Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is a statistical tool widely used for predicting species’ potential distributions starting from presence/absence data and a set of independent variables. However, logistic regression equations compute probability values based not only on the values of the predictor variables but also on the relative proportion of presences and absences in the dataset, which does not adequately describe the environmental favourability for or against species presence. A few strategies have been used to circumvent this, but they usually imply an alteration of the original data or the discarding of potentially valuable information. We propose a way to obtain from logistic regression an environmental favourability function whose results are not affected by an uneven proportion of presences and absences. We tested the method on the distribution of virtual species in an imaginary territory. The favourability models yielded similar values regardless of the variation in the presence/absence ratio. We also illustrate with the example of the Pyrenean desman’s (Galemys pyrenaicus) distribution in Spain. The favourability model yielded more realistic potential distribution maps than the logistic regression model. Favourability values can be regarded as the degree of membership of the fuzzy set of sites whose environmental conditions are favourable to the species, which enables applying the rules of fuzzy logic to distribution modelling. They also allow for direct comparisons between models for species with different presence/absence ratios in the study area. This makes them more useful to estimate the conservation value of areas, to design ecological corridors, or to select appropriate areas for species reintroductions. Received: June 2005 / Revised: July 2005     

虚拟现实技术及其在石油勘探开发中的应用

石油勘探开发是一个庞杂的系统，需要最大程度地获取地下信息。而虚拟现实技术可很好地描述真实的物体，在总结虚拟现实技术研究现状的基础上，阐述了虚拟现实技术在石油勘探开发领域的应用动态。目前，在钻井工程、地震资料解释、海洋石油工程、油田开发工程等方面引入了虚拟现实技术，显示了虚拟现实技术在石油勘探开发中广阔的应用前景。     

The water footprint of hydroelectricity: a methodological comparison from a case study in New Zealand

Hydroelectricity has been rated to have a large water footprint (WF) on global average. We assessed the WF of hydroelectricity by three different methods using New Zealand as a case study. The first (WF-1) and second (WF-2) methods only consider the consumptive water use of the hydroelectricity generation system, while our third method (WF-3) accounts for the net water balance. Irrespective of the method, the WF of New Zealand’s hydroelectricity was found much smaller than the commonly cited international value of 22 m³ GJ⁻¹. Depending on the method, the national WF ranged from 1.55 m³ GJ⁻¹ (WF-3) to 6.05 m³ GJ⁻¹ (WF-1). The WF- 3 considers the net water balance including rainfall, which is the key driver for replenishing water resources. It provides meaningful information that helps our understanding of the differences of the WF in locations, which are diverse in terms of water resource availability. We highlight the effects of local climatic differences and the structural specifics of a hydroelectricity scheme on the WF. The large variation in the WF of hydropower across New Zealand illustrates the inappropriateness of using global average values. Local values, calculated using our hydrologically rational method, must be used.     

用GIS与虚拟现实技术模拟火灾过程 --应用和展望

信息技术的发展已使得用计算机来模拟灾害过程及进行指挥救援成为可能。通过对国内外文献的分析，总结了GIS和虚拟现实技术在当前火灾模拟与控制方面的应用以及二者集成应用于火灾科学研究的可行性，并在此基础上提出了建筑火灾及人员疏散模拟系统的设计框架。该系统可针对现有和新建建筑，研究火灾发展及其可能对结构造成的影响，并进行人员疏散模拟与火灾危险性分析。     

虚拟现实技术及其在环境科学中的应用

本文简要介绍了虚拟现实的基本概念和基本特征,重点探讨虚拟现实技术在环境科学领域的应用前景,并结合实例,论述了虚拟现实技术在环境管理、水环境和水资源、大气环境和预报、环境科学研究和教育等方面的应用。     

基于VR技术的大型储罐火灾爆炸仿真软件设计

为了研究大型储罐事故后果的严重性，针对大型储罐火灾爆炸试验难以实施的情况，以虚拟现实技术为研究手段，重现大型储罐火灾和爆炸事故过程；通过对储罐火灾和爆炸事故进行理论分析，优选出大型储罐火灾爆炸事故后果数学模型；基于某商业原油储备库布置，利用3Ds Max软件对库区进行建模，结合Qt界面编写技术和OSG粒子效果技术进行交互式设计，划分火灾和爆炸2大仿真模块，设计各模块下属基本功能，形成1套基于真实场景的大型储罐火灾爆炸事故后果三维仿真模拟软件。研究结果表明:基于VR技术的大型储罐火灾爆炸仿真软件具有较强的沉浸感和交互性等特点，能够实时仿真大型储罐火灾爆炸事故动态演变过程，降低大型储罐火灾爆炸试验成本，同时为制定事故应急预案和应急处置措施提供科学参考。