Critical analysis of the waste management performance of two uranium production units in Brazil--part II: Caetite production center

This paper discusses the environmental waste management of the Heap-Leach Uranium Production Facility of Caetité located in a semi-arid region in Brazil. A comparison is made with the first uranium production site of the country located in Poços de Caldas. It is demonstrated that differences in the operational process along with different environmental conditions can lead to different impacts. In the present case groundwater is the potential most sensitive environmental medium despite the well-established consensus in the literature that radon and aerosol emissions may turn-out to be the most relevant environmental aspects of an installation located at this type of region. Most of the ²²⁶Ra content in the ore remains in the leached ore that is deposited with the waste rock. A lack in appropriate prediction of the hydrological balance has been causing unanticipated emissions of liquid effluents into the environment. Chemical treatment of this effluent may be needed. Contamination of groundwater in the short term by the waste ponds is not to be expected but it can be a relevant issue in the long term. As a consequence, careful closure schemes will need to be put in place. Finally, the overall costs with remediation in the Caetité production center are lower than those observed at the Poços de Caldas mining site.     

Zinc distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge

Sewage sludge (SS) can be applied to cropland to supply and recycle nutrients and organic carbon. Potentially toxic elements in the sludge, however, are of environmental concern. This study evaluates the changes in chemical speciation of Zn in three representative pristine soils of the Pampas Region, Argentina, measured with sequential extraction over a one-year period. Pure SS or SS containing 30% (DM) of its own incineration ash (AS) was applied to the soils at an application rate of 150Mgha(-1). Zn was sequentially fractionated into exchangeable, organically bound, inorganic and residual fractions. The application of the SS and AS amendments significantly increased Zn concentration in all soil fractions at each sampling date. At day 1, Zn was mainly found in the residual fraction. A year after the application of the amendments, redistribution towards the inorganic fraction was observed (41-76% of total Zn content). Zn found in exchangeable and inorganic fractions depended on soil pH rather than on the type of soil used. A negative and significant correlation was found between exchangeable Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.94), and a positive and significant correlation between inorganic Zn concentrations and soil pH (r=0.92). For each amended soil and sampling date, no significant differences were observed between SS or AS treatments for the exchangeable fraction. Moreover, the use of AS did not cause significant differences in Zn concentration in the other soil fractions compared to SS. Based on these results, land spreading of AS may be similar to SS diaposal in terms of Zn mobility.     

桐庐县富春江、分水江库区漂浮物打捞处置方案

桐庐县富春江、分水江库区漂浮物主要由水葫芦、生活垃圾、动物尸体三部分构成,结合桐庐县垃圾处理处置设施建设现状及规划,对水葫芦及生活垃圾采用机械打捞-压缩中转-烘干（仅水葫芦）-焚烧工艺,对动物尸体采用人工打捞-冷藏车运输-冷库储存-焚烧工艺。为确保水葫芦焚烧可行性,比较了烟气直接烘干和蒸汽间接烘干两种工艺,推荐采用蒸汽间接烘干。     

变压吸附技术在环境工程中的应用

变压吸附技术具有能耗低、投资少、流程简单、操作方便、可靠性好和自动化程度高等优点,在环境工程领域得到了广泛的应用。介绍了变压吸附技术在废水处理、废气处理、固体废弃物处理等领域的研究进展和应用成果,探讨了在环境工程中应用变压吸附技术的发展方向。     

循环流化床污泥焚烧一体化工艺的研究与应用

采用焚烧技术处理污泥,并最大限度地利用污泥中的能量,可以彻底实现污泥的无害化、减量化以及资源化。在此提出一种循环流化床污泥无害化焚烧一体化技术工艺,可以实现含水率75%的污泥不添加辅助燃料,能量实现自持平衡,以350t/d污泥处理工程为例,介绍工艺的主要流程特点以及技术经济性分析。     

废润滑油絮凝脱色试验研究

废润滑油的回收再生利用不仅可以节约石油资源,而且是防治废润滑油污染、保护环境的主要措施.针对有污染的传统酸-白土废润滑油再生工艺,提出了以絮凝为主的无污染再生新技术,重点考察了影响废润滑油脱色再生效率的各种因素.结果表明,在絮凝剂用量为1.2%(体积分数)、搅拌时间为5 min、反应温度为75℃、沉降温度为80℃、沉降时间为2.0 h的条件下,废润滑油絮凝脱色效果最佳.废润滑油经过絮凝脱色和白土精制后理化指标得到了较大改善,基本接近该级别新油SC40的标准.     

城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术的实验研究

城市生活垃圾的焚烧发电和生物质能的利用是目前倍受关注的两个研究领域.以华北某垃圾发电厂为依托,对城市生活垃圾与生物质混烧发电技术进行了广泛的实验研究.结果表明:掺烧质量百分比为14%时,垃圾发电机组的效率达到最佳;混烧后烟气中的颗粒物浓度和二恶英浓度有很大的降低,SO2和NOx等酸性气体的浓度略有增加,但仍满足排放要求;单炉直接经济效益711.15元/h.该研究成果对今后垃圾发电厂的运营和生物质能的利用具有一定的工程参考价值.     

水洗过程对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响

通过水洗试验,对垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出特性进行了研究.结果表明:水洗过程对飞灰中Cl,Na,K和Ca元素具有一定的去除效果,尤其是Cl元素的去除率在液固比为10 L/kg时可达到60.0%;经过水洗后飞灰XRD图中的钾盐和食盐的特征峰已经不明显,石英和石膏特征峰改变很小,KCl和NaCl是水洗过程中K,Na和Cl元素的主要去除形态;水洗对飞灰的酸中和容量影响较小;采用TCLP法和水平振荡法进行对比试验表明,水洗灰的重金属浸出质量浓度均低于原灰.      

系统动力学方法在城市生活垃圾产生系统的应用

准确预测城市生活垃圾产生量是构建与运行生活垃圾管理系统的首要条件. 我国大部分城市生活垃圾的历史统计数据稀缺,传统预测方法往往难以得到要求精度的预测结果. 在系统地分析生活垃圾产生量影响因素及因素间互动关系的基础上,建立了基于VENSIM软件的系统动力学模型,并将该模型应用于深圳市城市生活垃圾产生系统. 结果表明:运用系统动力学方法可以较好地进行城市生活垃圾产生量预测,解决了数据稀缺条件下城市生活垃圾产生量的精确预测问题,为处理处置工艺的选择和规模的确定提供了数据支撑,同时可以在垃圾产生量预测的基础上进行不同政策下系统的行为模拟.      

废气处理工艺流程选择及其应用

介绍了废气处理流程选择方法，并相应地介绍了部分应用实例。