A Sensitive Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Method for Detection of Polyimide Degradation by Microorganisms

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique was evaluated for monitoring microbial degradation of electronic packaging polyimides. The microbial inoculum was a mixed culture of fungi isolated previously from deteriorated polyimides. The active fungal consortium comprised Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and a Chaetomium species. After inoculation, fungal growth on the polyimides resulted in distinctive EIS spectra indicative of polymer insulation failure, which directly related to polymer integrity. Degradation appeared to occur in a number of steps and two distinctive stages in the decline of film resistance were observed in the inoculated EIS cells within the 2 and 10 weeks after inoculation. The early stage of resistance decrease may be related to the ingress of water molecules and ionic species into the polymeric materials, whereas the second stage probably resulted from partial degradation of the polymers by fungal growth on the polymer film. The relationship between changes of impedance spectra and microbial degradation of the polymer was further supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of fungi growing on the surface of the inoculated polyimides. Our data indicate that the EIS can be used in detection of early degradation of resistant polymers and polyimides that are susceptible to biodeterioration.     

“白色污染”及废旧塑料的回收利用

阐述了“白色污染”对环境的影响,介绍了废旧塑料的回收再利用技术和处理方法。     

白腐真菌对染料脱色及降解过程机理和影响因素

许多白腐真菌对染料具有广谱的脱色和降解能力 ,其脱色及降解作用可能主要是由于其在次生代谢阶段产生的木质素过氧化酶LiPs和锰过氧化酶MnPs所致。培养条件对白腐真菌脱色及降解活性有较大的影响 ,在培养基中加入藜芦醇和二价锰等能够显著提高木质素过氧化酶的产生 ;富氮培养基会抑制LiPs的生成 ;硫脲、叠氮化物、氰化物等均能明显地抑制白腐真菌的脱色及降解活性 ;缓冲液的选择对维持稳定的 pH值和菌丝的形态有一定作用 ,从而影响其脱色效果 ;富氧环境是一切白腐真菌对染料进行脱色和降解的必要条件 ;适度的搅拌混合有利于反应时的物质之间传递 ;一般地 ,在培养时间达到 3天以后白腐真菌才能达到较高的脱色与降解活性。染料分子大小和结构及其基团的位置对脱色及降解效果有明显影响。使用特殊填料极大地提高处理系统中的生物量以克服真菌生长速度相对较慢、提高处理能力是该技术今后的研究重点。     

南充市“白色污染”现状及对策措施和建议

本文通过实地调查,分析了南充市“白色污染”现状、危害和治理工作存在的主要问题,提出了治理“白色污染”的对策措施和建议。     

碱法麦草浆漂白废水脱色白腐菌的筛选及脱色研究

从腐木上采集,经多次分离纯化筛选出2株具有较高漂白废水脱色能力的菌株F7、F9,与Phanerochaete Chrysosporium在相同的条件下处理碱法麦草浆CE段混合漂白废水,培养4d脱色率分别为74．44％,46．67％和62．22％。延长培养时间至第8d,F7菌脱色效果不明显,而F9菌脱色可增至67．58％。     

真菌降解挥发性有机物动力学模型研究

真菌生物滤池对废气的净化过程,不涉及液膜扩散以及过渡区等问题,因此与传统的细菌生物滤池的净化过程不同．在对真菌生物滤池净化低浓度乙硫醇废气的过程机理进行研究的基础上,建立了真菌生物滤池处理挥发性有机化合物的动力学模型,分别推导出用以描述乙硫醇在生物膜内生化过程的方程式和用以描述气流方向乙硫醇浓度轴向变化的方程式,二者共同描述乙硫醇废气在真菌生物滤池中的传输与被生物分解的过程．通过对含不同浓度乙硫醇废气处理的试验验证,所建立的真菌降解乙硫醇模型的模拟结果与实测结果具有较好的一致性．     

非灭菌环境投加染料时间对白腐真菌降解活性染料的影响

应用氮限制液体培养基(C/N=56／8．7)研究了非灭菌环境投加染料时间对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium降解活性艳红K-2BP染料的影响．试验结果表明,纯培养2d和3d后,在非灭菌环境投加活性艳红K-2BP染料的体系脱色率与在灭菌环境投加该染料的体系基本相当,其5d脱色率在90％以上;而纯培养ld时在非灭菌环境投加染料体系的脱色率却只有8l％．引起纯培养ld体系脱色率降低的主要原因是活性艳红K-2BP对白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的生长有抑制作用和反应体系感染了酵母菌．但是,如果纯培养延长至2d以后,由于白腐真菌菌丝体已在体系内占优势,尽管在非灭菌环境下还有酵母菌侵入,但它不会占优势,从而也就不会影响白腐真菌对染料的降解作用．因此,在氮限制液体培养基中,只要白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium在反应体系占优势,就可以适当缩短纯培养时间,提前在非灭菌环境投加染料,使白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium的培养和对活性染料的脱色同步进行．     

Accumulation of metallic elements by Amanita muscaria from rural lowland and industrial upland regions

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out on the accumulation and occurrence of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sr and Zn in the mushroom Amanita muscaria and forest topsoil from two lowland sites in the Tuchola Pinewoods in the north-central region and an upland site in the ?wietokrzyskie Mountains in the south-central region of Poland. Topsoil from the upland location showed Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Na and Zn at significantly higher concentration levels (pseudo-total fraction and often also the labile or extractable fraction) than at both lowland locations, where topsoil was richer in Mg, and similar in Rb. Amanita muscaria from the upland region differed from individuals collected in the lowland sites by higher concentration levels of Cd, Cu, Hg and Mn in caps. This could be related to higher concentration levels of the metallic elements in topsoil in the upland region. On other side, A. muscaria from the upland site was poorer in Co and Fe in caps, and in Ca, Co, Fe and Sr in stipes. In spite of the differences in content of the geogenic metallic elements in topsoil between the lowland and upland locations, A. muscaria from both regions was able to regulate uptake and accumulation of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Rb and Zn, which were at similar concentration levels in caps but not necessarily in stipes.     

铝胁迫下外源钙对外生菌根真菌抗氧化保护酶活性的影响

采用液体培养方法,研究了4个不同菌株(Bo 02、Bo 15、Pt 715和Sl 08)的抗铝性及其在铝胁迫下加入0、0.25、0.5、1.0 mmol.-1L-1Ca2+处理后抗氧化保护酶活性的变化,旨在了解钙在缓解外生菌根真菌铝毒方面的作用.结果表明,不同菌株抗铝性不同,Pt 715和Sl 08的抗铝性强于Bo 02和Bo 15.铝胁迫可显著提高外生菌根真菌Bo 02 CAT和SOD活性、Bo 15SOD活性、Sl 08 CAT和POD活性,说明外生菌根真菌中这几种酶活性的提高与铝毒胁迫密切相关.4个菌株中,Bo 02酶活性对外源钙最敏感,外源钙对Bo 02铝胁迫的缓解作用最好.较高浓度的钙(≥0.5 mmol.L-1)可缓解或消除Sl 08铝胁迫造成的抗氧化酶活性上升.     

周年轮作休耕对土壤AMF群落和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究轮作休耕对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落组成及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和湿筛法分别测定AMF群落组成和团聚体,研究了苕子轮作玉米（V-C）、豌豆轮作玉米（P-C）、冬闲-玉米（F-C）和周年休耕（F-F）这4个处理下AMF群落组成及其与土壤养分和团聚体稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,F-F、V-C和P-C处理的>2 mm团聚体含量、R_0.25及MWD均显著高于F-C （P<0.05）,<0.25 mm团聚体含量均显著低于F-C （P<0.05）;F-F处理的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数较F-C分别显著提高29.56%、35.78%和45.55%;球囊霉属（Glomus）为各处理AMF群落的优势属,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）在各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2分别累计解释了AMF群落组成差异的29.99%和22.40%;相关性分析表明,盾巨孢囊霉属与碱解氮（AN）和有机质（SOM）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾（AK）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,球囊霉属与碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析表明,AMF多样性（Shannon指数）和盾巨孢囊霉属分别与>2 mm和2~1 mm团聚体含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.因此,周年休耕和苕子轮作玉米有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性和改变AMF群落组成,研究结果为我国南方周年轮作系统提高土壤质量和推行合理轮作休耕模式提供理论依据和参考.