白腐真菌细胞色素P450的诱导及检测方法研究

以CO结合差光谱为基本检测法,研究了白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌中细胞色素P450的诱导和适宜的分离检测方法.结果表明,正己烷对该真菌P450有显著的诱导作用,P450诱导量受正己烷浓度和诱导时间的影响,每小时投加正己烷2μL/mL、诱导6 h可使该真菌微粒体P450比浓度高达140~160 pmol/mg.在此基础上,本研究优化了分离P450时破碎细胞的方法以及光谱法检测P450的条件.破碎细胞时,采用高速分散结合玻璃研磨,比采用玻璃研磨、超声破碎和珠磨等方法分离的微粒体P450含量高1~5倍,是更为适宜的破碎方法.检测CO结合差光谱时,通气和还原条件对P450检测值有显著影响,较适宜的条件为:样品池和对照池分别通入等量的CO和N2,通气流量为3 mL/min(300μL样本),通气时间40 s;通气后投加还原剂低亚硫酸钠,投加浓度为0.4 mol/L.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on arsenic (As) accumulation by tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

under As stress, proper mechanisms are employed by AM fungi to protect tobacco against As uptake. Results confirm that AM fungi can play an important role in food quality and safety.     

开放体系下产酸白腐菌连续处理造纸黑液研究

研究了产酸白腐菌CoriolusSp.S1在开放环境下连续曝气处理造纸黑液。在连续50d处理过程中,产酸白腐菌可以稳定的连续处理黑液,与进水相比,出水中COD降幅最高达到53.73%,脱色率平均可以达到73.74%,木质素去除率达到45.66%,为白腐菌应用于造纸黑液的治理提供了一定的基础。     

铅镉胁迫下接种根际细菌和真菌对圆叶无心菜生长和铅镉累积的影响

铅镉胁迫条件下,采用盆栽试验．研究接种云南会泽铅锌矿区Cd超累积植物-圆叶无心菜的根际细菌和真菌,对圆叶无心菜的生长和铅镉累积的影响,结果表明：2株根际真菌（YQ2F-5和YG2F-6）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜地上部分的生长,1株根际真菌（YQ2F-5）显著增加盆栽圆叶无心菜的生物量。根际细菌对盆栽圆叶无心莱的生长和生物量没有影响。接种根际细菌和真菌对盆栽圆叶无心菜Pb和Cd的吸收累积没有影响。     

白腐真菌处理阳离子红GTL废水的实验研究

采用白腐真菌去除阳离子红GTL,考察了温度、投菌量、阳离子红GTL浓度、pH、葡萄糖投加量等因素对阳离子红GTL去除效果的影响。结果表明,白腐真菌对阳离子红GTL的最佳降解条件为温度30℃,阳离子红GTL初始浓度200 mg/L,投菌量10 g/L。在此条件下,阳离子红GTL模拟废水经白腐真菌降解45 h处理后,脱色率达98.9%,COD值下降了75%。该菌降解阳离子红GTL符合一级反应动力学。     

一株甲醛转化霉菌Paecilomyces sp.H6的分离鉴定

甲醛广泛应用于室内装修材料中,造成室内空气污染,危害人的身心健康。本研究用含甲醛的培养基从驯化的菜园土中分离出一株霉菌,并观察平板培养特征、孢子形态,提取DNA,PCR扩增,产物测序,序列比对,查找同源率,构建系统发育树等,研究了其在一定浓度下的甲醛转化能力,结果表明：该菌株的培养特征、孢子形态和宛氏拟青霉（Paecilomycesvariotii）最相似,18S rDNA序列与宛氏拟青霉（Paecilomyces variotii）的同源率为100%,160 r.min-130℃摇床培养144 h,能将ρ（甲醛）=1 235、ρ（甲醛）=1 682 mg·L-1转化为ρ（甲醛）=0和ρ（甲醛）=65 mg·L-1,其转化能力分别为100%、96.1%,菌丝干质量分别从0.468 9、0.475 9 g增长到0.529 8、0.523 6 g,还能将ρ（甲醛）=2 377、ρ（甲醛）=2 849 mg·L-1转化为ρ（甲醛）=854、ρ（甲醛）=1 507 mg.L-1,其转化能力也能达到64.1%、47.1%,但菌丝增长缓慢,结果显示该菌株是高浓度的甲醛转化霉菌,具有重要的研究意义。     

西双版纳自然环境试验站环境真菌的鉴定

采用自然沉降法对西双版纳自然环境试验站的环境真菌进行收集和分离;同时采用显微形态观察对其中的16株真菌进行分类鉴定,结果16株真菌归属于2个纲、4个目、5个科、10个属;结合ITS区间序列分析,确定5个主要环境真菌类群的分类地位。本研究将有助于开展环境试验和防霉研究工作。     

Assessing the Potential Effects of Fungicides on Nontarget Gut Fungi (Trichomycetes) and Their Associated Larval Black Fly Hosts

Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems.     

In vitro toxic effects of heavy metals on fungal growth and phosphate-solubilising abilities of isolates obtained from Phragmites australis rhizosphere

In this research, we evaluated the toxic effect of metal ions on mycelial growth and phosphate-solubilising activity of soil-borne micromycetes isolated from the Phragmites australis rhizosphere using Pikovskaya-agar plates supplemented with four metal concentrations. The diameter growth rate (DGR) decreased as the metal concentration rise for all tested fungi. Trichoderma atroviride had the fastest growth rate (1.48?cm²?day^?1) and was the least susceptible to Al³⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ with a median effective concentration (MEC₅₀) of 12.19, 0.48, 4.51, 11.44 and 50.05?mM, respectively. Aspergillus japonicus was the most tolerant to Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺, with MEC₅₀ values of 3.36, 1.095 and 2.34?mM, respectively. Penicillium italicum was the most tolerant to Cr6⁺ (MEC₅₀?=?0.677?mM). The ability to solubilise phosphate remained, despite the decrease in the DGR, and P. italicum and Penicillium dipodomyicola had the highest Phosphate Solubilisation Indexes (PSIs) at 1.97 and 2.12, respectively. In particular, P. italicum recorded the highest PSI of all the studied isolates at 0.62?mM Cr³⁺ (PSI?=?4.74). A. japonicus and T. atroviride were the most tolerant isolates to all tested metals, which suggests that these isolates are promising candidates for further study with regard to mycoremediation and biofertilisation of metal-polluted soils.     

Antifungal activity of volatile metabolites emitted by mycelial cultures of saprophytic fungi

The antifungal activity of molecular identified Chilean saprobiontic fungi, Trichoderma viride, Schizophyllum commune and Trametes versicolor, on the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, and the saprotrophic mould Mucor miehei was investigated using two types of inhibition bioassay: (1) bi-compartmented Petri dishes and (2) two Erlenmeyer flasks connected by their upper parts. The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by saprobiontic fungi was also investigated using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Of the saprobiontic fungi evaluated, one isolate of S. commune showed the highest inhibitory activity against B. cinerea and M. miehei, 86.0±5.4 and 99.5±0.5% respectively. The volatile profiles of fungal isolates were shown to contain a different class of compounds. The major components in the headspace of mycelial cultures were 6-pentyl-α -pyrone (T. viride), ethanol and β -bisabolol (S. commune), and a sesquiterpene alcohol (Tr. versicolor). This is the first study reported on the release of VOCs by Chilean native fungi and their antifungal activity wrt. plant pathogenic fungi.