Use of spent substrate after Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivation for the treatment of chlorothalonil containing wastewater

Lignocellulosic materials are used as substrate for the cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius. After two or three flushes of mushrooms, the spent substrate is discarded although it still has an important enzymatic activity that can be used for several purposes. In this study, we sought to determine the technical feasibility of using spent substrate from P. pulmonarius to degrade chlorothalonil. Reaction mixture was prepared with 6 ml of pesticide aqueous solution (2 mg active ingredient/l) and 3 ml of enzymatic extract obtained from spent P. pulmonarius substrate. The enzymatic reaction (27 °C, pH 7.4) was conducted for 1 h with sampling at 15 min intervals. The effect of storage time and temperature (freezing or refrigerating) of spent substrate and enzymatic extract, respectively, on the activity over chlorothalonil was determined. Freshly obtained spent substrate extract was able to reduce 100% of the initial concentration of chlorothalonil (2 mg/l) after 45 min of reaction. Storage time had a negative effect on the stability of the enzymatic activity: with spent substrate stored for a week, chlorothalonil concentration was reduced in 49.5% after 1 h reaction and with substrate stored for two and three weeks, the degradation efficiency decreased to 9.15% and 0%, respectively. Cooling and freezing the spent substrate extract also had a negative effect on chlorothalonil degradation.     

城市居家环境空气真菌群落结构特征研究

居室环境质量的优劣与人类健康密切相关.成年人约80%～90%的时间是在室内度过,而且现代人们的生活越来越离不开空调,由于人体、房间和空调机在室内会形成了一个封闭的循环系统,容易使细菌、病毒、霉菌等微生物大量繁衍.因此,百货商场、学校教室、办公室和现代住宅等近年来成为了室内环境空气质量的研究热点.在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户具有小孩的家庭于2009年11月～2010年10月进行试验,研究了城市居家环境空气真菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的225株空气真菌中共鉴定出24属,从鉴定出现的次数来看,其优势真菌属依次为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),其中青霉属出现的次数占分离菌株总数的36%.居家环境中青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属、丛梗孢属(Monilia)的出现频率较高,其中青霉属的出现频率在90%以上;浓度百分比较高的真菌依次为青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、无孢菌和链格孢属,它们浓度总和约占总浓度的65.0%及以上,其中青霉属浓度百分比为32.2%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气真菌浓度范围为62～3 498 CFU.m-3,平均值为837 CFU.m-3.空气真菌总浓度与枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属浓度的季节变化特征基本一致,夏季明显高于春季、秋季和冬季(P<0.05*),冬季浓度最低,而青霉属浓度的季节变化则表现为春季较高,夏季、秋季和冬季没有显著差异(P>0.05*).北京市居家环境空气真菌浓度男孩家庭明显高于女孩家庭(P<0.05*),并且家庭空气真菌浓度与人均居住面积呈显著负相关.     

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp by non-white-rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1

Decolorization of oxygen-delignified bleaching effluent (abbreviated as OBE) and biobleaching of oxygen-delignified kraft pulp (OKP) were conducted using a non-white rot fungus Geotrichum candidum Dec 1 (abbreviated as Dec 1) which has ability to decolorize various synthetic dyes and molasses. Dec 1 decolorized up to 77% of OBE for 6 days. In addition, Dec 1 increased the brightness of OKP from 47.8% to 51.2% and decreased the kappa value of OKP from 12.4 to 10.4 points during a 6-day incubation period at a 25% of pulpconcentration. At 2% pulp-concentration, the brightness of OKP increased by 13% and the kappa value of OKP decreased by 4 points only for a 3-day incubation period. When the decolorized OBE was used for bleaching of OKP, the brightness of OKP increased to 62.7% under the shaking culture to a 2% pulp-concentration using culture fluid of decolorized OBE. It was revealed that Dec 1 is a potential to apply for decolorization of wastewater and biobleaching of pulp in paper-mills.     

2012~2019年天津市公交站微环境空气质量改善

于2012年9月、2014年3月、2015年6月和2019年6月在天津市八里台公交站采集环境空气样品,分析该微环境中大气可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）污染的整体改善趋势以及PM₁₀中碳组分、水溶性离子组分以及元素组分的特征和4次采样之间的差异.结果表明,4次采样的PM₁₀浓度分别为281,217,188,78μg/m³,呈明显下降趋势.其中水溶性离子组分和元素组分浓度逐年降低,但其占比变化不大（平均浓度占比分别为22%和39%）,4次采样的二次离子SNA（即SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）占PM₁₀比例分别为11%,9%,9%,17%;总碳质量浓度逐年降低,碳组分在PM₁₀中所占的比例呈波动上升的趋势（从18%上升至32%,平均为25%）,根据估算结果,4次采样的二次有机碳（SOC）占PM₁₀比例分别为4%,9%,9%,13%.研究显示,天津市交通微环境空气质量改善效果显著,但二次组分（SNA和SOC）在PM₁₀中占比呈上升趋势,需进一步加强二次污染的控制.     

黄土区沟道泥沙微生物群落变化特征及其影响因素

在黄土高原沟壑区,通过16S rRNA基因片段和ITS高通量测序,研究沟道泥沙中细菌和真菌群落在上-中-下游的变化特征.结果表明：与沟头相比,把口站的细菌群落中拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）与厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的相对丰度分别增加6.6%和10.5%,而变形菌门（Proteobacteria）的相对丰度降低15.1%;真菌群落中担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度增加7.7%,而子囊菌门（Ascomycota）降低30.2%;泥沙中黏粒含量与细菌丰富度（Chao1指数）和多样性（Shannon指数）之间显著负相关（P<0.05）,与真菌的丰富度和多样性无显著相关性;细菌和真菌群落多样性和丰富度的空间差异与SOC、Olsen-P的变化有关（P<0.05）.因此,泥沙中颗粒组成物和养分含量可能是影响沟道微生物群落变化的主要因素.     

黄河下游冲积平原轮作休耕农田土壤真菌群落结构与功能

通过明确不同轮作休耕方式对土壤真菌群落结构及功能的影响,探索农田土壤肥力对轮作休耕方式响应的微生态变化特性,为促进黄河下游冲积平原农田生态修复和耕地质量提升提供参考依据.以2018年开始的长期轮作休耕定位试验农田土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,通过FUNGuild真菌功能预测工具,分析田间定位条件下不同轮作休耕方式［长期休耕(LF)、冬小麦-夏休耕(WF)、冬休耕-夏玉米(FM)和冬小麦-夏玉米周年轮作(WM)］,土壤真菌群落组成和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,LF使耕层(0~20 cm)土壤真菌群落丰富度和多样性增加,而WF则使冬小麦收获后深层(20~40 cm)土壤的真菌丰富度和多样性增加;所有土壤样本中共获得2262 OTU,划分为14门、34纲、75目、169科、309属和523种,两个土层中共有的OTU分别包含420类(0~20 cm)和253类(20~40 cm);4种轮作休耕土壤真菌群落门水平上的结构组成相似,但相对丰度各异,优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢菌门(Mortierellomycota),总丰度分别为91.69%~96.91%(0~20 cm)和91.67%~94.86%(20~40 cm);PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2可以分别累计解释45.56%(0~20 cm)和46.20%(20~40 cm)的群落组成差异;LEfSe的LDA (阈值为4.0)结果可知,LF、FM、WF和WM中共有64个真菌进化枝在统计学上具有显著差异(P＜0.05);RDA分析表明,土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)和含水率(SWC)同是显著影响0~40 cm土层真菌群落变化的主要环境因子(P＜0.05).通过FUNGuild功能比对发现,不同土层不同处理间的主要营养类型同为腐生营养型、腐生-共生营养型、病理-腐生-共生营养型和病理营养型,但其相对丰度存在差异;LF耕层土壤以病理-腐生-共生营养型真菌为主,深层土壤中则以病理营养型真菌相对丰度最高,而种植过小麦或玉米的处理(FM、WF和WM)两个土层都以腐生营养型为主.由此可见,不同轮作休耕方式改变了土壤真菌群落结构、多样性及营养类型,季节性休耕可用于调控集约化种植的农田土壤微生态环境,促进农田土壤生态系统健康和谐.     

氮磷添加对盐渍化草地土壤微生物特征的影响

盐渍化草地土壤养分含量低,自然条件差,尤其是大量元素氮和磷的含量低于天然非盐渍化草地.盐渍化草地中的土壤微生物由于长期受盐或碱的胁迫,群落组成与结构也区别于非盐渍化天然草地.盐渍化草地土壤微生物受养分限制叠加盐碱胁迫如何响应氮、磷添加的机制尚不清楚.本研究在山西省右玉县境内的盐渍化草地进行,2017年建立了氮磷添加实验平台,包括对照、氮添加、磷添加及氮和磷同时添加的4个处理,于实验处理的第3年(2020年)测定生长季5～9月氨氧化微生物(氨氧化细菌:AOB和氨氧化古菌:AOA)、土壤真菌(fungi,F)和细菌(bacteria,B)的组成以及土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),结合土壤盐基阳离子及pH值的变化,探讨盐渍化草地土壤微生物特征对氮、磷添加的响应及其机制.结果表明:①2020年5～9月,采样时间显著影响土壤AOA和AOB的丰度、细菌真菌组成及微生物生物量;土壤微生物的季节动态是由土壤含水量,生长季降水分配及植物因素共同调控的.②与对照组相比,AOA/AOB的比值在氮添加处理下显著降低51％;磷添加对土壤微生物特征(氨氧化微生物、细菌真菌组成和微生物生物量)无显著影响;在氮和磷同时添加处理下,AOB的丰度显著提高了 64.1％,AOA的丰度无显著改变,但AOA/AOB显著降低59.6％.③单独氮或磷添加对土壤pH值无显著影响,但氮和磷同时添加显著降低了土壤pH值;尽管氮、磷添加对土壤盐基阳离子无显著影响,结构方程模型结果显示,土壤盐基阳离子对土壤微生物(细菌和真菌组成)具有直接的调控作用.④土壤含水量对土壤微生物的变异具有较高的解释度.因此,本研究表明AOB对养分添加的响应比较敏感,短期氮和磷添加提高AOB的数量,促进氮的周转.     

不同轮作模式的土壤真菌群落结构及功能特征分析

为分析不同轮作模式的土壤真菌群落结构与功能特征差异,以安徽铜陵两种不同轮作模式的农田土壤为研究对象,设置水-旱轮作(姜-稻)、旱-旱轮作(姜-菜)两种样地,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台测定了土壤真菌的ITS变异区序列,以分析不同轮作模式下土壤真菌群落结构和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明：姜季转变为菜季/稻季后均会造成土壤真菌α多样性指数增加,尤其是水-旱轮作模式(p<0.05);与旱-旱轮作相比,水-旱轮作提高了土壤真菌群落ACE和Chao1指数(p<0.05);子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉菌门(Mortierellomycota)和隐真菌门(Rozellomycota)是不同轮作模式下土壤环境中的主要真菌门类.被孢霉属(Mortierella)是两种轮作模式姜季处理中的主要真菌属,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是旱-旱轮作菜季中的主要真菌属;水-旱轮作模式能有效降低白姜致病风险.在旱-旱轮作中的菜季土壤环境中真菌功能群以动植物病原真菌和腐生真菌为主,辅以内生真菌和地衣寄生真菌;在两种轮作模式中的姜季,真...     

Fungal and enzymatic treatment of mature municipal landfill leachate

The aim of our study was to evaluate biotreatability of mature municipal landfill leachate by using white rot fungus and its extracellular enzymes. Leachates were collected in one active and one closed regional municipal landfill. Both chosen landfills were operating for many years and the leachates generated there were polluted by organic and inorganic compounds. The white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens was able to grow in the mature leachate from the closed landfill and as it utilizes present organic matter as a source of carbon, the results were showing 60% of DOC and COD removal and decreased toxicity to the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. On the other hand, growth of the fungus was inhibited in the presence of the leachate from the active landfill. However, when the leachate was introduced to a crude enzyme filtrate containing extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, removal levels of COD and DOC reached 61% and 44%, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment led to detoxification of the leachate to the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and to reduction of toxicity (42%) to the plant Sinapis alba. Fungal and enzymatic treatment seems to be a promising biological approach for treatment of mature landfill leachates and their application should be further investigated.     

降解石油丝状真菌的筛选及其降解特性

从大庆石油污染土壤中分离得到14株石油降解丝状真菌,用以筛选可高效降解石油的菌群. 经过ITS(转录间隔区序列)分析,其中9株属于镰孢霉属(Fusarium sp.),2株属于黄白生丛赤壳菌属(Bionectria sp.),另外3株分别属于葡萄穗酶菌属(Stachybotrys sp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)和雅致放射毛霉属(Actinomucor sp.);在固体培养基中各菌株的生长速率差异显著(P<0.01). 不同菌株能够特异降解不同的石油组分. 将筛选的优势菌株组成2个菌群,菌群1由菌株3、D2、D3和D52组成,菌群2由菌株3、6、D2和D3组成,分别考察单菌和2个菌群对原油的降解效果,结果表明:菌株原油降解试验30d后,单菌菌株D52对原油去除率最大,为64.25%;菌群1和菌群2对原油的去除率较高,分别达到74.55%和72.64%,可以考虑用于污油生物修复治理的工程菌群开发研究.