广东省森林球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量及影响因素

植被和土壤组成的差异将影响土壤微生物的组成及动态,土壤微生物的动态变化将体现在微生物产物上。球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin-related soil protein,GRSP)被认为是唯一来源于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)的糖蛋白,是土壤碳库的稳定组分,可用于指示AMF对土壤碳固持的影响。鉴于已有GRSP相关研究多集中在样点尺度,缺乏区域水平的研究这一事实,该研究选择广东省164个代表性森林样地为研究对象,通过测定表层(0-10 cm)土壤GRSP含量、土壤理化性质,旨在了解广东省森林土壤中GRSP水平及其对土壤有机碳固持的贡献。结合土壤理化性质、植被特征探讨区域范围内GRSP的影响因素。结果表明,(1)广东省森林土壤表层土(0-10 cm)中总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(total GRSP,T-GRSP)质量分数为(3.26±0.11) g?kg-1,易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(easily extractable GRSP,EE-GRSP)质量分数为(1.11±0.03) g?kg-1,植被起源和植被类型对GRSP含量的影响不显著,GRSP在地带性土壤中呈现黄壤>红壤>赤红壤>砖红壤的显著变化趋势。(2)针叶林GRSP的平均水平高于常绿阔叶林,这一趋势与3种植被类型下灌木草本层生物量的趋势一致。(3)GRSP与土壤有机碳含量、阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关关系,GRSP含量随土壤细颗粒(粒径<50μm)含量的增加而增加。广东省森林土壤GRSP对土壤有机碳的绝对贡献率为2.3%,GRSP能够与土壤细颗粒结合促进土壤团聚体的形成,并提高土壤保水性能和肥力。     

喀斯特生境下AMF侵染对任豆生长的影响

喀斯特地区土壤退化,植被定植更新困难,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)具有增强植物养分吸收能力和抵抗逆境胁迫能力。研究喀斯特生境下植物与AMF共生效果,选择优势菌种促进喀斯特植被恢复,对于提高植物定植成活率具有重要作用。以豆科植物任豆(Zenia insignis)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下,选取喀斯特优势菌种-摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices),2种菌根真菌混合菌剂进行接种,培养180 d,研究贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境和养分较高的滇柏林下土壤生境下AMF对任豆生长影响。结果表明:摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉和混合接种均能侵染任豆根系,幼嫩根系更易侵染,木质化根系侵染率下降。接种摩西球囊霉,贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地径、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高68.92%、56.18%、83.90%、42.20%和67.34%;养分较高的滇柏林下喀斯特土壤生境下,株高、地上生物量、地下生物量和总生物量分别提高48.05%、6.77%、7.92%和8.89%;根内球囊霉处理接种效应低于摩西球囊霉和混合接种处理,对生物量增长为负效应,混合接种处理接种效应介于单接种之间,摩西球囊霉接种效果优于根内球囊霉和混合接种。摩西球囊霉在贫瘠喀斯特土壤生境下发挥的促生效应优于养分较高的喀斯特土壤,可作为喀斯特侵蚀区植被恢复菌根真菌干扰途径的优势菌种,混合接种作为接种剂具有单接种兼容效应。     

Characterisation of growth and biochemical response of Onopordum acanthium L. under lead stress as affected by microbial inoculation

Microbial associations may influence the negative effects of potentially toxic elements on plants. In a greenhouse experiment, the growth; biochemical response; and Pb, Fe, and Zn uptake of Onopordum acanthium L. were investigated in response to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF (a mixture of Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, and Rhizophagus fasciculatus) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR (a mixture of Pseudomonas species including P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa) at increased Pb levels in soil. The treatments were arranged as a factorial experiment based on a randomised complete block design. Results revealed that inoculation with AMF and PGPR decreased Pb toxicity in plants. Inoculated plants with AMF and PGPR had higher shoot and root dry weight compared with the non-inoculated plants. In this study, AMF and PGPR inoculation led to a significant increase (P?≤?.05) in chlorophyll a, b, chlorophyll a+b, carotenoid, proline, and relative water content of plants. Furthermore, AMF and PGPR inoculation likely played a more important role in growth and Pb uptake in O. acanthium L. Our results suggest that AMF and Pseudomonas bacteria could be effective bio-inoculants for enhancing the plant growth and Pb uptake by inhibiting the adverse effects of Pb in O. acanthium.     

电子设备的三防设计

在电子工业中,三防设计是指防潮湿、防盐雾、防霉菌设计,在我国南方和沿海地区使用的,尤其是在户外使用的电子设备必须具备三防设计才能保证其正常工作.本文对电子设备的三防设计作了一些介绍和探讨.     

培养基种类和培养条件对白腐真菌生长和产酶特性的影响

以白腐真菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)为研究对象,比较了该菌种在人工合成培养基和天然培养基中的生长和产酶特性,考察了竹子浸出液,pH,载体和抗生素等对白腐真菌在天然培养基中生长和产酶特性的影响.结果表明,天然培养基中白腐真菌的生物量、菌丝小球直径和木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)活性均大于人工培养基.以天然培养基为基础培养基,加入竹子浸出液可以促进白腐真菌的生长和提高木质素过氧化物酶活性;较低pH(4.5)条件下菌丝小球直径较小;载体的加入使得菌体以附着形式生长;抗生素两性霉素B对白腐真菌的生长和产酶的影响存在阈值,当ρ(两性霉素B)超过50　mg/L时,白腐真菌的生长和产酶受到明显的抑制.      

Biomechanical pulping: a mill-scale evaluation

Mechanical pulping process is electrical energy intensive and results in low paper strength. Biomechanical pulping, defined as the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic materials prior to mechanical pulping, has shown at least 30% savings in electrical energy consumption, and significant improvements in paper strength properties compared to the control at a laboratory scale. In an effort to scale-up biomechanical pulping to an industrial level, 50 tons of spruce wood chips were inoculated with the best biopulping fungus in a continuous operation and stored in the form of an outdoor chip pile for 2 weeks. The pile was ventilated with conditioned air to maintain the optimum growth temperature and moisture throughout the pile. The control and fungus-treated chips were refined through a thermomechanical pulp mill (TMP) producing lightweight coated paper. The fungal pretreatment saved 33% electrical energy and improved paper strength properties significantly compared to the control. Since biofibers were stronger than the conventional TMP fibers, we were able to reduce the amount of bleached softwood kraft pulp by at least 5% in the final product. Fungal pretreatment reduced brightness, but brightness was restored to the level of bleached control with 60% more hydrogen peroxide. The economics of biomechanical pulping look attractive.     

Novel metabolic pathways of organochlorine pesticides dieldrin and aldrin by the white rot fungi of the genus Phlebia

White rot fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this experiment, 20 white rot fungi, belonging to genus Phlebia, were investigated for their ability to degrade dieldrin. Based on the screening results, we further investigated Phlebia acanthocystis, Phlebia brevispora, and Phlebia aurea to determine their degradation capacity and metabolic products towards dieldrin and aldrin. The three fungi were able to remove over 50% of dieldrin in a low nitrogen medium, after 42 d of incubation. Three hydroxylated products were detected as metabolites of dieldrin, suggesting that in Phlebia strains, hydroxylation reactions might play an important role in the metabolism of dieldrin. In contrast to dieldrin, aldrin exhibited higher levels of degradation activity. Over 90% of aldrin was removed after 28 d of incubation, and several new metabolites of aldrin in microorganisms, including 9-hydroxyaldrin and two carboxylic acid products, were detected in fungal cultures. These results indicate that the methylene moiety of aldrin and dieldrin molecules might be prone to enzymatic attack by white rot fungi. In this study, we describe for the first time a new metabolic pathway of both compounds by fungi of genus Phlebia.     

接种根瘤菌和菌根真菌对三叶草生长及对土壤Pb2+吸收的影响

采用盆栽实验,设计了不接种(CK)、接种根瘤菌、接种丛枝菌根真菌、双接种根瘤菌和菌根真菌4种处理,探讨了三叶草的生长情况及对土壤中Pb2+吸收的影响。结果表明:三叶草对Pb具有一定的吸收能力,两次采样中,CK处理三叶草Pb浓度分别为15.38mg/kg和15.57mg/kg,均为各处理中最高;接种根瘤菌可明显提高三叶草生物量,接种菌根真菌能明显减少三叶草对土壤中Pb的吸收。接种根瘤菌和菌根真菌减少三叶草对Pb2+的吸收和向地上部运输。     

Persistent Organochlorine Residues in Livers of Six Species of Ciconiiformes (Aves) from Spain

Liver samples of 42 birds belonging to 6 species of Ciconiiformes (grey heron (n = 17), little egret (n = 12), cattle egret (n = 1), glossy ibis (n = 1), little bittern (n = 1), and white stork (n = 10)), collected from two different zones of Spain (Ebro Delta and Madrid) in 1992–1997, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. ΣPCBs (sum of concentrations of individual congeners), p,p′-DDE, HCB, γ-HCH, and heptachlor epoxide were the most prevalent residues detected in all samples (occurrence > 95%). There were no statistically significant differences in organochlorine levels between grey herons and little egrets, while levels of ΣPCBs, p,p′-DDE, HCB, γ-HCH, and heptachlor were significantly lower for white storks. These results could be explained by the different habitat of these species, aquatic in the Ebro Delta (grey herons, little egrets) and dry in Madrid (white stork), and their diverse feeding habits.