Communities of Wood-Attacking Fungi in the Region of Oil and Gas Production

The communities of xylotrophic fungi were studied in the northern and middle taiga subzones of western Siberia, in forests growing in the region of oil and gas production and exposed to various anthropogenic factors (emissions of petroleum gas flares, oil pollution, spills of mineralized oil-field water, etc.). Structural and functional rearrangements in these communities were revealed, and the prevalence of rot in the tree stand was assessed.     

Stream macroinvertebrate baseline surveys: A comparative analysis from the oil-shale regions of Colorado,USA

General surveys of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Piceance Creek and the White River were conducted for nearly a decade prior to oil-shale exploitation in north central Colorado, USA. Comparison of the taxa collected in four studies on Piceance Creek and five studies on the White River shows little similarity among most studies. Studies were generally consistent in methods, site selection, and time of year for collection. Lack of agreement among the studies on what constitutes a baseline of common taxa is probably a result of taxonomic difficulties and differences in technique. More emphasis should be placed on testing possible impacts than on repeated, expensive, and inconclusive baseline inventories.     

Fungi as an Occupational Health Hazard in Seasoned-Food-Industry Workers

In recent years, the survey of mould sporesconcentration in working environments, where workersspend many hours, acquired remarkable importancebecause of the spread of disease caused by fungi.On this basis, the aim of this research was toevaluate the level of environmental fungal pollutionin a food industry producing dry sausage and dry-cured ham.We also studied the occurrence of fungal species inthe upper respiratory tract of the workers, to comparewith species found in the working environment.Our survey has pointed out a considerable fungalpollution in most of the environments sampled, withthe presence of the same species found in the upperrespiratory tract of the workers.The data obtained in our survey have revealed that theenvironments sampled can represent a possible healthrisk factor for workers.     

丛枝菌根真菌及猪炭对多氯联苯污染土壤的联合修复作用

选用玉米(Zea mays L.)为供试植物,采用盆栽试验研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌(Funneliformis mosseae)和添加不同粒径猪炭对多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤的联合修复效应及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,接种AM真菌(10%接种量)及添加2.5%猪炭对土壤有效磷含量提高具有显著的协同效应,猪炭还显著提高了土壤有机碳、速效钾含量和pH值(p0.05);猪炭显著促进了菌根真菌侵染率,但对玉米根系生物量具有抑制作用.接种AM真菌的同时添加猪炭提高了细菌16S rDNA丰度,且接种AM真菌同时添加粒径0.25 mm猪炭显著促进了土壤PCBs降解率.AM真菌与猪炭改变了土壤微生物种群的相对丰度,其中,Planctomycetes与土壤三氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.049,p0.05),而Acidobacteria与五氯联苯降解显著相关(r=0.008,p0.01).AM真菌及猪炭提高了土壤有效养分含量,促进了植物生物量和土壤PCBs降解,对PCBs污染土壤具有较好的修复潜力.     

黑土真菌群落互作及其与梯度有机质碳分子结构的关系

真菌在土壤有机质积累、转化以及养分循环中发挥着重要功能.本文利用高通量ITS扩增子测序和固态~(13)C核磁共振波谱技术,比较低有机质(2%～5%)和高有机质(7%～9%)条件下,土壤真菌各类群间的互作关系及其与有机碳官能团结构的联系.~(13)C-NMR分析结果表明,O-Alkyl C占总有机碳的比例随着有机质含量的升高而增大(25.8%～35.9%).有机质含量越高,A/A-O(Alkyl C/O-Alkyl C)越小,有机质分解程度越低.真菌群落中粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes, 14.33%～28.17%)和被孢毛霉菌纲(Mortierellomycotina, 7.32%～23.14%)为优势类群,其相对丰度均随着土壤有机质含量的升高而显著增加(P0.05).网络分析结果表明,相比高有机质土壤,低有机质土壤中真菌生态网络的节点数、连接数和平均聚类系数较小,真菌互作关系更简单,且真菌与有机碳官能团联系更紧密,尤其与LOC联系更紧密.随机森林模型显示LOC对低有机质土壤真菌互作关系的解释量最高(10%),其次是难分解碳组分(ROC).相比LOC对高有机质土壤真菌互作关系的贡献相对较小(7.4%).在全球土壤碳损失日益严重的背景下,碳资源的限制,特别是LOC的减少,可能会降低土壤真菌群落的稳定性和多功能性.     

高效降氰菌的筛选及其特性研究

本研究从电镀废水中分离出了三株能够高效降解自由氰根的菌种，并对这三株菌的生长曲线和影响其降解氰化物的因素进行了研究。结果表明，这三株菌分别属于青霉属、木霉属和酵母属，并命名为M3、Mw4和Ms；其最大生长量的时间分别为15、20和18小时；当CN^-初始浓度为80mg／L时，M3菌16h内降解氰化物的最优条件是pH为5-7、温度为20℃～30℃、摇床转速为130rpm、接种量为10％。在此条件下，M3菌将80mg/L CN^-降解到0．22mg/L，降氰率达到98．9％。该研究结果可为微生物在处理含氰废水的实际应用提供依据。     

白腐真菌处理染料废水研究进展

本文针对染料废水处理中存在的问题，介绍了利用白腐真菌处理废水的一般机理及其优势。在此基础上。对该菌种在处理染料废水研究应用中的筛选与降解机理、主要工艺条件对处理效果的影响和反应器类型等方面的研究成果给予了分析与评述。     

POLLUTION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATERS BY PLANT PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS1

ABSTRACT: Systematic sampling of waterways and irrigation runoff from agricultural lands in the North Platte Project of Nebraska in July and August of 1972–1974 demonstrated that phytopathogenic organisms were disseminated. The organisms monitored included the bean common blight bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli, the bean white mold fungus Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and various nematodes. Although many types of nematodes often were recovered from irrigation water, Heterodera sp. cysts which cause significant disease problems in the valley were found infrequently. Patterns of movement of the bacterial and fungal organisms were correlated with previous or current season infection of bean plants. The short-term survival of X. phaseoli in sterile deionized water may explain the detection of this organism only in runoff or ditches receiving runoff from common blight infected bean fields. Sclerotial bodies of W. sclerotiorum remained viable for at least 10–21 days in flowing water and were found throughout the irrigation waterways. Irrigation of beans with contaminated water can result in both common blight and white mold diseases. Dissemination of phytopathogenic organisms in irrigation reuse systems as well as agricultural land runoff should be considered in irrigation planning and system design.     

稻草末固定白腐菌处理染料废水的研究

对采用微电解－白腐菌生物降解－石炭絮凝系统处理活性染料废水进行了研究。试验结果表明，废水的COD去除率和色度除率均达到95％以上，出水水质符合废水排放标准。     

四川森林药用真菌资源及生态类型

四川森林药用真菌种类资源丰富,广泛分布于亚热带、温带和寒温带森林内。已知81种、52属、25科,其中担子菌占总数的90.1％,子囊菌9.9％。依其药用功效分为12类,其抑制肿瘤的效果尤引人们重视。 就繁殖生长的基质而言,四川森林药用真菌可分5个生态类群,即木生性40种,竹生性5种,土生性14种,虫生性5种和菌根性17种,并划分若干生态类型。根据生态习性,为人工栽培和试验提供依据。