青岛市不同下垫面微生物气溶胶分布特征

分别在青岛市市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水水源地、城市垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理厂设置监测点,分析比较不同下垫面空气细菌和真菌浓度、日变化和粒径分布. 结果表明:5个下垫面空气细菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>市区街道>饮用水水源地>海滨区域>人工湿地污水处理厂,真菌浓度依次为城市垃圾填埋场>人工湿地污水处理厂>饮用水水源地>市区街道>海滨区域,其中城市垃圾填埋场空气细菌和真菌浓度最高,分别为(613.1±68.9)、(1300.4±74.3)CFU/m3,其他下垫面空气的细菌和真菌浓度分别在(155.5±14.2)～(596.6±396.4)和(401.9±78.7)～(994.7±63.4)CFU/m3之间. 海滨区域空气细菌浓度下午明显高于上午和中午,其他下垫面表现为上午>下午>中午,但无显著性差异;市区街道、饮用水水源地、人工湿地污水处理厂的空气真菌浓度日变化表现为上午>中午>下午,城市垃圾填埋场则始终升高,除人工湿地污水处理厂和城市垃圾填埋场不同时段间空气真菌浓度有显著性差异外,其余下垫面无显著性差异. 细菌气溶胶粒径分布为F1级(粒径>7.0μm)最高,呈偏态分布;真菌气溶胶粒径呈对数正态分布,除城市垃圾填埋场峰值出现在F3级(3.3~4.7μm)外,其余下垫面均出现在F4级(2.1~3.3μm). 不同下垫面细菌气溶胶中值直径在2.8~4.6μm,存在差异;而不同下垫面空气真菌气溶胶中值直径均在2.0μm左右,无显著性差异.      

In vitro degradation of the herbicide atrazine by soil and wood decay fungi controlled through Elisa technique

The interaction between atrazine, a triazine herbicide, and a series of decay fungi was characterized in terms of biodegradation of the herbicide and its influence on fungal growth. The following fungi were studied: thermophilic cellulolytic (Penicillium sp. 13) and noncellulolytic (Humicola lanuginosa sp. 5 and 12) strains isolated from self‐heated plant composts, mesophilic diphenol oxidase producing strain Mycelia sterilia INBI 2–26, white‐rot fungi Cerrena maxima, Coriolopsis fulvocinerea and Coriolus hirsutus. Competitive enzyme immunoassay was elaborated for detection of atrazine in cultural liquid. During agar plate cultivation the growth of Humicola sp. 5 was promoted by atrazine whereas the growth of Humicola sp. 12 and Penicillium sp. 13 was suppressed whereas M. sterilia INBI 2–26 was not affected by the herbicide. Neither atrazine‐accelerated nor atrazine‐depressed thermophilic strains decomposed atrazine during 21‐day cultivation according to ELISA data. In contrast, white‐rot fungi Coriolus hirsutus, Coriolopsis fuhocinerea and Cerrena maxima degraded nearly 50% of the herbicide in 5‐day submerged cultivation and 80–92% of the herbicide up to the 40th day. The soil strain M. sterilia INBI 2–26 decomposed 70% of atrazine in 17‐day cultivation. The degradation level depended of the time of atrazine introduction to the growing media. The relationships between the degree of atrazine decomposition and laccase and Mn‐peroxidase production were shown.     

应用PCR-DGGE分析三江湿地土壤真菌群落结构的多样性

采用PCR-DGGE技术,研究毛苔草湿地土壤、小叶章湿地土壤(氮肥施用量分别为0、20、40和60 kg/hm2)和岛状林湿地土壤在生长期(2010年7月和2011年6月)和凋落期(2010年10月)的真菌群落结构变化规律. 结果表明:湿地植物生长期和凋落期真菌群落结构差异显著;退化程度较高的岛状林湿地土壤真菌群落的多样性指数最高,2010年7月、10月和2011年6月多样性指数分别为3.22、3.25和3.21;在小叶章湿地土壤中添加氮肥20～40 kg/hm2,2010年7月、10月和2011年6月湿地土壤真菌群落的多样性指数分别升至0.27、0.15和0.05. 对湿地土壤真菌18S rDNA基因测序分析可知,三江湿地土壤真菌类群主要包括外囊菌纲(Taphrinomycetes)、座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)和锤舌菌纲(Leotiomycetes),其中锤舌菌纲是该湿地主要的土壤真菌类群.      

废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的分离及其铅耐性研究

采用常规、含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥（Arabis alpina Linn）根际真菌进行分离和鉴定,将分离的菌株接种在含不同浓度（0、0．1、1和10mmol L^-1）Pb^2＋的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中,比较废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的铅耐性,结果表明：从废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际共分离获得11个属的54株真菌。大于1mmolL^-1的Pb^2＋显著抑制铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的生长;含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋的马丁氏培养基分离的铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌Pb^2＋的生长半数抑制浓度（EC50）平均值和最大值均明显大于非矿区,铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌对Pb^2＋的耐性强于非矿区。     

丛枝菌根真菌对内蒙古草原大针茅群落的影响

使用真菌抑制剂在内蒙古草原开展原位试验,人为创造菌根受抑制和正常两种环境,通过分析菌根侵染率,测定大针茅群落的物种组成、丰富度和多样性等结构指标,分析丛枝菌根真菌对群落结构和净初级生产力的影响。试验结果表明,两种处理群落的菌根侵染率不同,苯菌灵有效地降低了植株的菌根侵染率。丛枝菌根真菌短期内未能对植物群落的物种丰富度、多样性产生影响,未能改变植物群落的结构和净初级生产力。但丛枝菌根真菌的存在,会对植物群落内不同植物种的地上部生物量实现再分配,降低了优势种垄断资源的能力,使群落内物种的生物量和营养元素含量趋于均匀,有利于保护关键种,有利于植被的恢复与重建。因此,研究结论为内蒙古退化草原生态系统的恢复和重建提供了重要的理论依据和参考价值。     

Environmental Issues in Brackish Water Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka

Shrimp exports are one of Sri Lanka's major foreign exchange earners and account for 40%–50% of total aquaculture exports. There has been a recent and rapid expansion of the industry in the Northwestern Province (NWP) of Sri Lanka but the industry has suffered from disease outbreaks and environmental problems. Currently, shrimp farms cover nearly 3000 ha of the coastal area of the NWP. The environmental impacts of shrimp cultivation in general are well known and numerous research studies have been done. However, little work has been carried out in Sri Lanka. This study provides some necessary background to brackish water shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. It focuses briefly on the development of shrimp aquaculture and the current status of the industry. Emphasis is placed on two broader aspects—impacts on the existing wetland ecosystem and on the environment. These impacts are presumed to be the main causes hindering the growth of the industry and raising widespread public protest. Current ecosystem and environmental management practices are discussed. Finally, strategic issues for management and sustainable growth are discussed.     

扑草净影响小麦雪腐病、纹枯病的田间观察

在小麦雪腐病、纹枯病混合发生的情况下,使用扑草净麦田除草显着抑制纹枯病的发生,而对雪腐病有促进作用,且播后芽前施药较二叶一心施药发病更为严重。     

Stream macroinvertebrate baseline surveys: A comparative analysis from the oil-shale regions of Colorado,USA

General surveys of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Piceance Creek and the White River were conducted for nearly a decade prior to oil-shale exploitation in north central Colorado, USA. Comparison of the taxa collected in four studies on Piceance Creek and five studies on the White River shows little similarity among most studies. Studies were generally consistent in methods, site selection, and time of year for collection. Lack of agreement among the studies on what constitutes a baseline of common taxa is probably a result of taxonomic difficulties and differences in technique. More emphasis should be placed on testing possible impacts than on repeated, expensive, and inconclusive baseline inventories.     

4株外生菌根真菌对Al3+吸收与吸附的研究

本研究采用液体培养方法,分析了4株源自不同生境的外生菌根真菌[Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt 715)、Suillus luteus(Sl 08和Sl 14)、Gyroporus cyanescens(Gc 99)]细胞对铝的吸收与吸附,旨在探讨外生菌根真菌抗铝的机制,为减轻树木铝害、指导抗(耐)铝菌株的筛选和保持森林健康奠定理论基础.结果表明,Al3+对菌株Pt 715和Sl 08生长的影响不明显,但是可明显抑制Sl 14和Gc 99的生长;各供试菌株铝的吸附和吸收量均随培养液中Al3+浓度的升高而增加,可见环境中Al3+浓度是影响菌根真菌铝吸收量的关键因素;耐铝菌株(Pt 715和Sl 08)吸收的总铝及单位菌丝吸收的铝量较铝敏感菌株(Gc 99和Sl14)少,这可能是其对铝不敏感的原因之一.此外,增加对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收亦可能是外生菌根真菌缓解铝毒的重要途径.     

不同白腐真菌复配方式对产酶的影响

通过对1株和由多株白腐真菌复配共同参与下的复合菌产酶量和达到最高酶活所需时间进行比较,筛选出白腐真菌最佳产酶的复配方式.结果表明,青顶拟多孔菌和糙皮侧耳菌两株菌相互发生协同作用,促进漆酶的分泌,产酶量为50.45U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和偏肿拟栓菌这3株菌在分泌过程中促进作用大于抑制作用,产酶量最高为75.98U·mL-1;青顶拟多孔菌、糙皮侧耳菌和血红密孔菌三者相互之间出现拮抗作用,产酶量最低为2.91 U·mL-1;实验证明,在白腐真菌之间既存在拮抗作用,也存在协同作用,因此达到最高酶活所用时间也不同.