重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

沙田柚根围AM真菌的生境适宜性和季节变化性

以山地长寿沙田柚成年果树为对象,研究不同生境和季节对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌侵染以及根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度的影响.试验结果表明,不同生境下,菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度都是以梯田最高,坡地次之,洼地最低;在坡地和洼地生境下,生草区均高于清耕区.两块试验地AM真菌的菌丝侵染率均为夏季最高(16.8%±1.9%和16.0%±1.8%),秋季次之,冬季最低;丛枝和泡囊的形成也是夏/秋季较高,春/冬季较低;而根围土壤中AM真菌孢子密度则是秋季最高[(159±19)个/100 g和(167±17)个/100 g],夏季次之,冬季最低.总之,对于长寿沙田柚成年果树,AM真菌的菌根侵染率在夏季梯田最高,根围土壤中的AM真菌孢子密度在秋季梯田最高;在坡地和洼地生境中,生草处理均可显著提高菌根侵染率和AM真菌孢子密度.图4参27     

高寒草原菌根围细菌数量对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

基于丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi,AMF)孢子形态学鉴定,研究了藏北高寒草原主要建群植物菌根围细菌数量对AMF物种多样性的影响.结果表明:1)细菌数量1.02×106～2.96×106、3.01×106～6.06×106个/g范围内,Glomus、Acaulospora均为优势属,Scutellospora则均为最常见属;AMF孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值和种的丰度(SN、SR)均呈Glomus>Acaulospora>Scutellospora属的趋势.2)细菌数量较低时(<3.0×106个/g),AMF各属孢子密度、种的丰度(SR)相对较高,Shannon-Weiner指数、物种均匀度指数亦较高,分别达1.774和0.127.3)不同细菌数量条件下,孢子密度随细菌数量的增加而均呈微弱下降,菌根侵染率、侵染强度、丛枝丰度则均呈不同程度的提高.细菌数量>3.0×106个/g时,菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度随细菌数量增加而提高的趋势尤为明显.4)不同细菌数量条件下,AMF种的构成呈共有种、共有优势种较多(Glomus属均占绝对比重),特有种、稀有种较少,以及不同优势种孢子密度、相对多度和重要值差异均较悬殊的分布特征.图6表3参25     

微生物源槐糖脂对水果致腐真菌的抑制作用

致腐真菌是诱发水果采后病害,造成水果在运输、货架期间和贮藏过程腐败变质的主要原因.从腐烂水果上分离得到17株菌,其中9株为致腐真菌,研究了由拟威克酵母发酵产生的槐糖脂对该9株菌的作用,包括抑菌圈直径、抑菌率和对菌丝蔓延的影响.发现槐糖脂对9株致腐真菌有很好的抑制作用,浓度达到2.0 g L-1时,致腐菌(孢子)抑制率达...     

贵州浓香型白酒大曲中霉菌的18S rDNA系统发育分析

从贵州某名酒厂大曲中分离到104株丝状真菌(霉菌),通过形态特征和生理特性检测等传统鉴定方法,初步把形态和生理生化特征一致的霉菌归类为14个大类群;并采用18S rDNA序列分析,进一步把菌株归类为MJ-I至MJ-V五个类群,随后构建系统发育树.结果表明,样品中的霉菌以曲霉属(Aspergillus)为主,占总分离菌数...     

西安市秋冬季市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源

为探究城市市区与山区微生物气溶胶组成特征及来源,在西安市市区(城区和郊区)及南郊山区设立3个采样点,采集细颗粒物、土壤及叶片样本.通过高通量测序法,解析不同采样点真菌与细菌群落结构,考察其时空变化特征;使用Source Track源解析技术对空气中微生物进行来源分析.结果表明,不同采样点真菌、细菌菌属差异较大,说明地理位置对空气中微生物的群落结构影响显著;冬季市区检测出较多的潜在真菌致病菌和细菌致病菌,且具有较高的相对丰度和多样性.通过源解析技术发现,在局部源叶片和土壤中,叶片表面微生物是空气中微生物的主要潜在源,且秋季叶片对空气中微生物的贡献率高于冬季.本研究不仅为空气中生物气溶胶的溯源研究提供了一定基础,也为深入了解大气中微生物污染特性和为我国空气环境质量评价与疾病预防提供一定的科学依据.     

Properties of a Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase from Penicillium funiculosum

A poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a fungus, Penicillium funiculosum (IFO6345), with phenyl-Toyopearl and its properties were compared with those of other PHB depolymerases. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated at about 33 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH optimum and pI were 6.5 and 6.5, respectively. The purified protein showed affinity to Con A-Sepharose, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. Diisopropylfluorophosphate and dithiothreitol inhibited the depolymerase activity completely. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified enzyme was TALPAFNVNPNSVSVSGLSSGGYMAAQL, which contained a lipase box sequence. This purified enzyme is one of the extracellular PHB depolymerase which belong to serine esterase. The purified enzyme showed relatively strong hydrolytic activity against 3-hydroxybutyrate oligomers compared with its PHB-degrading activity. PHB-binding experiments showed that P. funiculosum depolymerase has the weakest affinity for PHB of all the depolymerases examined.     

Effects of bio-organic fertilizers on pineapple heart rot and bacterial community structure北大核心CSCD

Heart rot is a common soil-borne disease in the pineapple industry, but the situation can be alleviated by the application of bio-fertilizers with beneficial microbiomes. Clarifying the controlling mechanism of bio-organic fertilizer on the high incidence of heart rot is critical in monocultural pineapple cropping patterns. In our study, the soil of continuous cropping pineapple orchards was collected. Three types of carriers (rapeseed cake, peat soil, and coconut bran), biocontrol strains (Bacillus subtilis HL2 and Streptomyces strain HL3), and organic fertilizer (YJ) were composted into different bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY), which were used in pot experiments. The controlling effect of the bio-fertilizer was determined based on the response of pineapple heart rot and bacterial communities to different fertilizing methods. Our results revealed that the incidence of heart rot in bio-fertilizer KC was the lowest, which decreased by 20% and 13.3%, respectively, compared to HF (chemical fertilizer, 16-16-16) and YJ (organic fertilizer). The richness and diversity of soil bacterial communities in all biofertilized treatments (KC, KN, KY, LC, LN, and LY) were significantly higher than those in HF. However, the α-diversity indices of the bio-fertilizers (KC, KN, and KY) were higher than those of LC, LN, and LY, and the bacterial community composition was significantly different. The bacteria GP4, GP6, Bacillus, and Azohydromonas were enriched in KC, KN, and KY, while the relative abundance of Streptomyces increased significantly in LC, LN, and LY. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of these bacterial groups was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of pineapple heart rot. In summary, the application of bio-organic fertilizers can decrease the incidence of pineapple heart rot by altering the soil bacterial community structure and stimulating beneficial soil microorganisms, which is important for reconstructing the ecological balance in continuous pineapple orchards. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

Cooperation between ligninolytic enzymes produced by superior mixed flora

Since the ability to degrade lignin with one kind of white-rot fungi or bacteria was very limited, superior mixed flora‘s ability to degrade lignin was investigated by an orthogonal experiment in this paper. The results showed that superior mixed flora reinforced the ability to degrade lignin, the degradation rates of both sample 9 and 10 were beyond 80% on the day 9. The cooperation between lignin peroxidase(LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase(MnP) and laccase (Lac) for lignin degradation was also studied. By examining the activities of three enzymes produced by superior mixed flora, it was found that Lac was a key enzyme in the process of biological degradation of lignin but Lip was not; the enzyme activity ratios of Lac/MnP and Lac/LiP were significantly correlative with the degradation rate of lignin at the 0.01 level; and the ratio of MnP/LiP was an important factor affecting the degradation rate of lignin.     

真菌降解废气中邻-二甲苯试验研究

采用真菌降解废气中的邻-二甲苯,试验装置为真菌生物滤池.将滤池内填料分成3段,考察每一段的负荷能力、去除效率以及pH值、温度、湿度的变化特点等.邻-二甲苯的进气浓度为400～700mg·m-3,气量为0 25m3·h-1,停留时间为100s.试验结果表明,真菌能够有效地去除废气中的邻 二甲苯,总去除率达到90%以上.其中,从上到下各段的去除率分别为36 8%,28 6%和25 5%.生物滤池内产生CO2的浓度与邻 二甲苯的降解有密切关联,通过在线监测进出气中的CO2浓度变化,可以间接反映出生物滤池的运行状况和生物生长量.在本研究中,降解的邻二甲苯中的碳约74%转化成CO2.微生物鉴定结果表明,降解邻 二甲苯的微生物主要是青霉菌和诺卡氏菌.