风浪流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型研究

船舶速度是船舶废气排放量计算的重要影响因子。为更加准确地测度船舶废气排放量,考虑海洋环境场对船舶速度的影响,分析了风、浪、流影响下的船舶运动,利用获取的实时风、浪、流信息对船舶AIS提供的航速进行修正,在此基础上建立了风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型,并介绍了船舶引擎功率的估算方法,以及排放因子和负荷因子的确定。最后,选取某散货船和客滚船的两个航次,分别采用传统模型和风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放计算模型进行计算,以CO2排放量反推油耗,并计算其与实际油耗的误差,结果表明,与传统模型计算结果相比,基于风、浪、流影响下的船舶废气排放测度模型得到的误差均有所减小,分别减小16.90%、18.60%、21.59%、21.94%,验证了模型的有效性。     

Production and application of a novel bioflocculant by multiple-microorganism consortia using brewery wastewater as carbon source

The flocculating activity of a novel bioflocculant MMF1 produced by multiple-microorganism consortia MM1 was investigated. MM1 was composed of strain BAFRT4 identified as Staphylococcus sp. and strain CYGS1 identified as Pseudomonas sp. The flocculating activity of MMF1 isolated from the screening medium was 82.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of the bioflocculant produced by either of the strains under the same condition. Brewery wastewater was also used as the carbon source for MM1, and the cost-effective production medium for MM1 mainly comprised 1.0 L brewery water （chemical oxygen demand （COD） 5000 mg/L）, 0.5 g/L urea, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 0.2 g/L （NH4）2SO4. The optimal conditions for the production of MMF1 was inoculum size 2%, initial pH 6.0, cultivating temperature 30℃, and shaking speed 160 r/min, under which the flocculating activity of the MMF1 reached 96.8%. Fifteen grams of purified bioflocculant could be recovered from 1.0 L of fermentation broth. MMF1 was identified as a macromolecular substance containing both protein and polysaccharide. It showed good flocculating performance in treating indigotin printing and dyeing wastewater, and the maximal removal efficiencies of COD and chroma were 79.2% and 86.5%, respectively.     

水循环周期对生态床内氮形态转化过程的影响

构建复合生态床修复北方景观水体,通过控制出水循环周期,研究不同循环速率下水体氮在系统内的转换及不同转换过程之间的关系,深入分析复合基质生态床修复景观水的过程及作用机理.结果表明,当循环周期为1 h和1.5 h时,溶解氧经首次循环由7提高至11左右,并始终保持较高水平;C/N由进水时4～6提高至出水时6～10,C/N的升高说明系统中N的相对去除率高于C,循环促进了氮及有机物的去除.出水循环提高了NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₂-Ｎ及TN的去除率, 且循环速率的提高使得硝化作用进行得更加迅速和彻底,补充了氮从系统中去除的好氧反硝化途径.当循环周期为1.5 h和1 h时,NH⁺₄-Ｎ与NO^-₂-Ｎ去除过程间的相关系数值分别为0.885 3和0.968 5;NO^-₂-Ｎ与TN去除过程间的相关系数随循环速率加快而增加,最高为0.942 4.当循环速率加快,NH⁺₄-Ｎ的氧化与NO^-₂-Ｎ的氧化2个过程间的传递更加迅速, 缩短了氮在系统中的转化途径,且循环速率越快,整个转化越迅速.     

转轮吸附法处理有机废气的研究

吸附转轮是一项应用于低浓度、高风量有机废气净化的处理技术,为优化转轮吸附关键工艺参数转速和吸附效率,以模拟甲苯废气为处理对象,采用蜂窝状改性13X分子筛(M-13X)为吸附剂,对比分析固定床和转轮两种吸附实验.结果表明,固定床实验信息可用于转轮吸附系统;依据吸附过程的热质平衡理论,综合废气特性(流速、温度、密度、污染物种类和浓度等)、吸附剂特性(热熔、吸附热、饱和吸附量等)及吸附床结构(床层厚度和密度、吸附区比例等)参数,推导了吸附转轮最佳转速(n opt)及周期去除效率(ηcycle)的数值计算,经与M-13X吸附转轮净化甲苯废气实验数据作比较,验证了所推导数值计算的可靠性.研究结果可为转轮吸附处理有机废气工程的设计和运行控制提供依据.     

模拟防尘网控制物料堆起尘的基本要求

介绍了防尘网一种多孔板,在模拟防尘网控制物料起尘时,为了能够更好地实现对低层大气湍流的模拟所应采用的一些基本要求。同时介绍了工程中防尘网在控制物料起尘时所采用的一些具体参数和造成起尘的起动风速。     

管道内瓦斯爆炸传播的试验研究

运用大型试验管道对瓦斯爆炸传播规律进行试验研究,并对瓦斯爆炸压力峰值、火焰速度和呈现时间进行分析,得出:在不出现爆轰的前提下,爆源点附近的压力峰值是全管道的最大值;爆炸压力峰值在沿管道的传播过程中从爆源点附近是先增大后减小,然后再逐渐增大且压力峰值最早呈现在出口附近;火焰传播速度随着传播距离的增大而逐渐增大且在爆炸初期增大速率更快;瓦斯浓度对爆炸压力峰值、火焰传播速度和呈现时间等都有重要影响。     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

关于天津台网地震速报的几点思考

本文从地震速报工作的重要性入手，论述了提高地震速报质量的基础和关键，同时讨论了天津台网地震速报中存在影响速报质量的问题及改进措施。     

风力发电场的主要环境问题

本文介绍了风电场建设时周边环境的有利、不利影响及风力发电场选址的气象、社会自然条件,并就此提出建议。     

Eight years of annual no-till cropping in Washington's winter wheat-summer fallow region

The tillage-based winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system has dominated dryland farming in the Pacific Northwest USA for 125 years. We conducted a large-scale multidisciplinary 8-year study of annual (i.e., no summer fallow) no-till cropping systems as an alternative to WW-SF. Soft white and hard white classes of winter and spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were grown in various rotation combinations. Annual precipitation was less than the long-term average of 301 mm in 7 out of 8 years. Rhizoctonia bare patch disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 appeared in year 3 and continued through year 8 in all no-till plots. All crops were susceptible to rhizoctonia, but bare patch area in wheat was reduced, and grain yield increased, when wheat was grown in rotation with barley every other year. Remnant downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) weed seeds remained dormant for 6 years and longer to heavily infest recrop winter wheat. There were few quantifiable changes in soil quality due to crop rotation, but soil organic carbon (SOC) increased in the surface 0–5 cm depth with no-till during the 8 years to approach that found in undisturbed native soil. Annual no-till crop rotations experienced lower average profitability and greater income variability compared to WW-SF. Yellow mustard and safflower were not economically viable. Continuous annual cropping using no-till provides excellent protection against wind erosion and shows potential to increase soil quality, but the practice involves high economic risk compared to WW-SF. This paper provides the first comprehensive multidisciplinary report of long-term alternative annual no-till cropping systems research in the low-precipitation region of the Pacific Northwest.