国际船舶油污损害赔偿机制评述

介绍和分析了国际船舶油污损害赔偿机制的运转概况，特别注重论述了其主要经验和特点，以供参考。     

开远市大气污染物排放交易政策的实施

通过开远市能耗、排污及大气环境质量的现状,说明了实施大气排污交易政策的必要性,论述了开远市实施大气排污交易政策的类型、规则、管理办法,并以排污交易的实例说明了大气排污交易政策的做法和效益。      

A Rapid Method to Score Stream Reaches Based on the Overall Performance of Their Main Ecological Functions

A method was developed to score the ecological condition of first- to third-order stream reaches in the Auckland region of New Zealand based on the performance of their key ecological functions. Such a method is required by consultants and resource managers to quantify the reduction in ecological condition of a modified stream reach relative to its unmodified state. This is a fundamental precursor for the determination of fair environmental compensation for achieving no-net-loss in overall stream ecological value. Field testing and subsequent use of the method indicated that it provides a useful measure of ecological condition related to the performance of stream ecological functions. It is relatively simple to apply compared to a full ecological study, is quick to use, and allows identification of the degree of impairment of each of the key ecological functions. The scoring system was designed so that future improvements in the measurement of stream functions can be incorporated into it. Although the methodology was specifically designed for Auckland streams, the principles can be readily adapted to other regions and stream types.     

Characteristics and influence factors of NO2 exchange flux between the atmosphere and P. nigra

Nitrogen dioxide(NO_2)is an important substance in atmospheric photochemical processes and can also be absorbed by plants.N02 fluxes between the atmosphere and P.nigrc seedlings were investigated by a double dynamic chambers method in Beijing from June 15to September 3,2017.The range of N02 exchange fluxes between P.nigra seedlings and the atmosphere was from-14.6 to 0.8 nmol/(m~2.sec)(the positive data represent N02 emissior from trees,while the negative values indicate absorption).Under ambient concentrations the mean NO_2 flux during the fast-growing stage(Jun.15-Aug.4)was-3.0 nmol/(m2·sec)greater than the flux of-1.5 nmol/(m2-sec)during the later growth stage(Aug.8-Sept.3)The daily exchange fluxes of NO_2 obviously fluctuated.The fluxes were largest in the morning and decreased gradually over time.Additionally,the N02 fluxes were larger undei high light intensities than under low light intensities during the whole growth period.The effects of temperature on N02 fluxes were different under two growth periods.The NO_2exchange fluxes were larger in a range of temperatures close to 44℃in the fast-growing stage,whereas there were no evident differences in N02 exchange fluxes under widel differing temperatures in the later growth stage.Under polluted conditions,the uptake ability of N02 was weakened.Additionally,the compensation point of N02 was 5.6 ppb ir the fast-growing stage,whereas it was 1.4 ppb in the later growth stage.The depositior velocities of NO_2 were between 0.3 and 2.4 mm/sec.     

SO2气体污染水稻的鉴定与赔偿依据的探讨

通过对水稻受ＳＯ２气体污染后症状的确诊，以及污染程度的分析，提出了水稻受损的赔偿依据。     

测定总磷时的色度浊度补偿

地面水一般带色且浊，采用光度法分析水样中总磷时，会使测定结果偏高。进行色度、浊度补偿后，结果会更趋于准确。     

关于征收生态环境补偿费问题的探讨

上海市浦东新区是国家征收生态环境补偿费的试点之一。探讨完善“生态环境补偿机制”已迫眉睫。文章首先分析征收生态环境补偿费的背景。然后提出了有关的收费政策，最后简要简明了在制定和实施过程中的若于建议。生态环境补偿费是涉及非非常广的新课题，已引起许多国家和组织一重关注，对实行生态环境补偿收费的可行性，建立收费标准体系，形成一套管理办法等，都需要进行研究，探索，完善，同时也需加强宣传，解释，使公众较快地理     

Compensation for wildlife damages: Habitat conversion, species preservation and local welfare

We develop a model of hunting, farming and defensive action to study the environmental and economic consequences of introducing a program to compensate peasants of a small economy for the damage caused by wildlife. We show that the widespread belief that compensation induces wildlife conservation may be erroneous. Compensation can lower the wildlife stock, and may result in a net welfare loss for local people.     

Optimization of contactless transformer coupling transmission system by Taguchi method

A contactless transformer coupling (CTC) transmission system transmits electric energy via an alternating magnetic field through an air-gap. The transmitted power can be enhanced by the application of resonant effects. Transmitting and receiving coils are usually single layer solenoids with series capacitors, which, in combination, allow the receiving element to be tuned to the required transmitter frequency. An input DC source is used to obtain high-frequency AC signal through the standardized half-bridge DC/AC switching circuit. Further, the high-frequency signal passes through matching transformer and contactless coupling induction coil, which can be considered as an isolated input and output stage. Coupling must be tight to achieve high efficiency. This paper then applies the methods of Taguchi parameter design forthe contactless transformer coupling transmission system, which enhances the output voltage, loss factor, and output efficiency of the transmission system. The results of measurement verify the feasibility of this structure in the experiment.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.