Managing Indirect Environmental Impact within Local Authorities' Standardized Environmental Management Systems

Abstract

Many local authorities use standardized environmental management systems (EMSs) to improve their environmental management. These authorities often find it difficult to manage environmental impact caused by their exercise of authority i.e. indirect environmental impact (IEI) within their EMSs. Since this is connected to their core activities, it is important to understand how IEI could be more efficiently managed with respect to EMS work. The purpose for this paper is to study if and how IEI could be managed within the framework of EMS. In this study we have identified two different approaches to managing IEI. Because managing IEI is complex, it is often ignored when initiating EMSs or managed by explicitly avoid mentioning the concept. Managing IEI is seen as a matter of maturity within the organization. The paper concludes with a discussion regarding a developed definition of IEI and how management of IEI could be facilitated.     

What people think about the environment and its relationship to their health: perceptions of health at different scales of environment in Hamilton,Ontario

This study examines lay perceptions of the environment and its perceived relation to health at three scales: the environment at large, the neighbourhood, and the home. Interviews were conducted with residents from two contrasting neighbourhoods in the industrial city of Hamilton, Canada. The results reveal variations in perceptions of the environment–health link between residents in the two study neighbourhoods as well as across the different scales. Air pollution and proximity to industry were frequently implicated in lay understandings of the general and neighbourhood environments. In contrast, the home environment was seen as relatively insulated and safe. Furthermore, personal control mechanisms (e.g. cleanliness) were believed to mitigate adverse health impacts in the home and yard while the general environment was seen to be outside of such control. The significance of the findings is discussed in terms of future research and policy relevance.     

Giving parks back to people: a transportation study of New Orleans City Park with implications for improving public health

Park planning, once at the root of the profession during the nineteenth century, can again provide cities with a means to improve public health through restricting access to automobiles. This intercept study, conducted in New Orleans City Park, found that two-thirds of users support weekend street closures to automobiles. Widespread support (63%) exists even among the 72% of people who arrived by automobile. This study also found measurable stated benefits from restricting car access. For more than 53% of the sample that stated that they would walk more in a car-free zone, respondents noted that they would walk nearly 30?min more per month. These findings suggest that planners and policy-makers have a cost-effective option to improve cities and public health – taming the automobile in urban parks.     

香河县农田土壤重金属污染生态与健康风险评价

为系统研究河北省香河县农用地土壤重金属污染状况,网格法采集了288个点位的表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品,分析土壤样品中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As、Cu和Zn这8种土壤重金属的分布特征,并采用单因子指数、内梅罗综合污染指数、地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和人体健康风险指数评估其污染状况、生态风险和健康风险.结果表明：①香河县土壤重金属含量均低于筛选值,但存在较强的空间变异;富集因子分析表明有20.74%的Hg和0.33%的Cd呈显著污染,68.56%的Hg和20.40%的Cd呈中污染,其余重金属处于无~弱污染水平.②内梅罗综合污染指数超标率为8.68%,主要以点状分布在香河县西部与中部.③地累积指数评价表明土壤Cd、Pb和Zn污染相对严重,Hg污染最严重,达到中度污染及以上的点位占比为46.50%.④潜在生态风险指数表明土壤以中等和强潜在生态风险为主,占比分别为46.15%和37.46%,有1.34%点位达到极强潜在生态风险等级,达到中等及以上潜在风险程度的重金属为Cd和Hg.⑤土壤重金属健康风险较低,经任何暴露途径产生的非致癌风险大体均可以接受.相对而言,土壤Cr、As和Pb是各乡镇非致癌风险最大的3个贡献因子,土壤As是各乡镇主要的致癌风险因子.土壤重金属对儿童引起的健康风险高于成人,食物摄取为主要暴露途径.建议香河县针对各乡镇产业布局和土壤重金属含量、生态和健康风险差异,采取对应措施加强防控.     

笼养肉鸡舍冬季挥发性有机物排放特征

畜禽养殖过程产生的挥发性有机物（VOCs）会影响周围环境质量和人畜健康.针对肉鸡养殖过程挥发性有机物排放特征研究较少,主要致臭物质及致癌、非致癌健康风险影响评价不明确、臭氧生成潜力分析不足等问题,开展了对肉鸡舍内挥发性有机物的现场监测试验,在肉鸡舍采用苏玛罐采样结合气相色谱-质谱法分析了冬季肉鸡生长前期、生长中期和生长后期VOCs的排放特征.结果表明,肉鸡生长过程中共检测出77种VOCs,包括16种卤代烃、21种烷烃、5种烯烃、12种芳香烃、15种含氧VOCs （OVOCs）和8种含硫化合物.整个生长阶段舍内卤代烃、烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs浓度变化不大,但是随着肉鸡的生长,含硫氨基酸摄入量和粪便排污系数增加,舍内排放的VOCs逐渐转为硫化物为主.含硫VOCs浓度在生长前期和中期呈现不断升高趋势,但是生长后期舍内通风量增加导致含硫VOCs浓度降低.肉鸡生长过程中监测到的VOCs中主要致臭物质为萘、乙酸乙酯、乙醛、二硫化碳、二甲基二硫、甲硫醇、甲硫醚和噻吩,其中甲硫醇的恶臭指数最高,范围为2172.4~19090.9;生长前期和生长中期存在可能致癌健康风险,终生癌症风险（LCR）值分别为7.7×10^-6和4.5×10^-6.舍内VOCs臭氧生成潜势（OFP）平均值为（1458.9±787.4）μg ·m^-3.结果明确了肉鸡生长过程中VOCs的排放特征,摸清了致臭物质、健康风险和臭氧生成潜势,可为肉鸡养殖过程中污染气体减排策略的制定提供科学依据.     

青岛秋冬季PM1中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评估

于2018年11月1日至2019年1月31日（OP_2018-2019）和2019年11月1日至2020年1月20日（OP_2019-2020）在青岛对PM₁进行了连续两年秋冬季逐日采集.将观测期划分为4个空气质量等级（Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）,分析了PM₁中金属元素浓度特征及来源,评估了不同人群的非致癌风险（Zn、Pb、Mn、Cu和V）和致癌风险（As、Cr、Ni、Cd和Co）.结果表明,与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下金属元素总浓度变化与Ca、K和Al浓度变化有关,受扬尘源和生物质燃烧源影响较大.与OP_2018-2019相比,OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量等级下V浓度分别下降19.0%、60.5%、82.7%和77.5%.推测与船舶国内排放控制区域（DECA）政策实施有关,青岛周边海域船舶改换燃油品质,导致V浓度大幅降低.由富集因子、比值法和气流后向轨迹结果进一步表明V浓度变化主要受DECA政策影响.然而,实施DECA政策后,V/Ni值作为判断区域内受船舶源影响的限值,需进一步探究.由健康风险评估结果表明,OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间非致癌元素Mn的危险系数范围为0.07~1.22,建议加强管控含Mn污染源的排放.OP_2018-2019和OP_2019-2020期间不同空气质量下As、Cd的终生致癌风险概率（ILCR）值低于10^-4,但高于10^-6,表明存在致癌概率,但仍可接受.OP_2018-2019期间空气质量为Ⅳ级时,Cr的ILCR值高于10^-4,存在致癌风险.     

水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠毒理效应研究进展

蓝藻暴发引发的水华造成了严重的生态灾难和健康危害,蓝藻水华污染因其已成为全球性的环境问题而受到关注。蓝藻产生的藻毒素具有潜在致癌作用,与多种消化道肿瘤的发病率升高相关,其毒理学效应及其健康危害性更是学术界研究和关注的热点。水华蓝藻细胞提取物较之纯藻毒素的毒理学效应有很大不同,研究水华蓝藻细胞提取物对哺乳动物的毒理学效应能为蓝藻水华的健康风险评估提供一定的理论依据。水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠产生的毒理学效应,如脏器细胞凋亡和对各脏器抗氧化酶防御系统的损害;水华蓝藻细胞提取物对实验鼠遗传毒性和促癌或致癌作用研究是目前研究的热点和难点问题。     

景观健康及其评价初探

生态系统健康是环保领域新兴的、正崭露头角的科学，将生态系统健康科学应用于景观评价是基于人类管理景观严重受到威胁和趋于退化的现实。在论述景观健康概念及其特征的基础上，探讨对景观健康进行整体评价的方法和指标。     

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle（TSP） samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m³ in Karachi and Mardan, re...