Analyses of incinerated ash of paper sludge: comparison with incinerated ash of municipal solid waste

Fourteen paper sludge samples were collected at seven representative pulp and paper mills in Japan, and were analyzed to obtain fundamental data on the reuse of paper sludge-incinerated ash as papermaking material. For comparison, incinerated ashes of municipal solid waste (MSW) were collected at MSW incineration plants in Tokyo, and analyzed by similar methods. Elementary and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the predominant elements in paper sludge samples are calcium, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, which are derived from paper fillers, coating pigments, and coagulants used in papermaking and process effluent treatments. Similar results were also obtained for the MSW-incinerated ashes, indicating that major components in the collected MSW are paper-related materials. Incineration of paper sludge around 800°C is recommended in terms of high brightness of the incinerated ash, which has about 60% brightness. Calcium, silicon, and aluminum components in the paper sludge are fused or sintered by heating. Although paper-sludge-incinerated ashes have irregular shape and large particle size distributions, they may be used as papermaking materials after pulverization using a ball mill. The MSW-incinerated ashes have 5%–30% water-soluble fractions and low brightness, and thus incineration conditions must be changed to reuse the MSW-incinerated ash as a papermaking material.Part of this paper was presented at the 68th Research Conference of Japan Tappi, Tokyo, 2001     

Decoupling the adsorption mechanisms of arsenate at molecular level on modified cube-shaped sponge loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

In this study, a commercial cube-shaped open-celled cellulose sponge adsorbent was modified by in-situ co-precipitation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and used to remove As(V) from aqueous solutions. Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and TEM identified maghemite as the main iron phase of the SPION nanoparticles with an average size 13 nm. Batch adsorption experiments at 800 mg/L showed a 63% increase of adsorption capacity when loading 2.6 wt.% mass fraction of SPION in the cube-sponge. Experimental determination of the adsorption thermodynamic parameters indicated that the As(V) adsorption on the composite material is a spontaneous and exothermic process. As K-edge XAS results confirmed that the adsorption enhancement on the composite can be attributed to the nanoparticles loaded. In addition, adsorbed As(V) did not get reduced to more toxic As(III) and formed a binuclear corner-sharing complex with SPION. The advantageous cube-shape of the sponge-loaded SPION composite together with its high affinity and good adsorption capacity for As(V), good regeneration capability and the enhanced-diffusion attributed to its open-celled structure make this adsorbent a good candidate for industrial applications.     

X射线防护服防护性能探析

本文对X射线防护服应具备的防护性能进行了探讨分析,在调研、测试和资料搜集的基础上给出了x射线防护服的铅当量、物理性能和耐臭氧性能等级,对目前存在的一些问题提出了建设性的意见,期望在x射线防护服的生产和使用上达到企业顺利发展、人民生命和健康得到保障的双赢效果。     

X射线鉴定绿泥石方法及其意义

X衍射分析可以获得由绿泥石成分变化引起的结构细微变化的信息,进而可鉴定其种类。作者采用这一手段,鉴定了取自皖、浙、赣、新疆地区不同产状(变质岩、火山岩、侵入岩)的21个绿泥石样品的种类,它们全部属三八亚族绿泥石,以过渡绿泥石为主,种类有蠕绿泥石、圆柱绿泥石、透绿泥石,并提出了X射线两峰法鉴定三八亚族绿泥石的初步意见。     

同步辐射XRF和XANES研究重金属污染环境中小羽藓体内硫元素的生物指示作用

在实验室将小羽藓(Haplocladium)暴露于不同浓度的铅、铁、铬重金属环境下进行培育,分别应用同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)方法测定小羽藓植株硫元素的含量和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)分析不同价态的硫所占的相对含量.结果表明,暴露于铅、铁下的小羽藓植株内硫的含量明显增加,铅、铁浓度分别为400 mg/L和200 mg/L时,硫元素含量下降.培养周期为15 d时,小羽藓在100 mg/L铅胁迫下,低价硫由对照组的17.8%升高到23.6%,而同时以硫酸盐形式存在的硫由对照组的56.3%下降到51.2%.在400 mg/L铅胁迫时,低价硫含量增加到24.8%,硫酸盐中的硫所占的比例下降到48.4%.小羽藓植株内的胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷胱甘肽中所含低价态硫的总相对含量增加,以硫酸盐态存在的硫相对含量明显下降.研究表明,重金属污染环境导致小羽藓硫吸收同化过程中硫元素含量和价态变化特征具有一定的生物指示作用.     

共沉淀-离心-X射线荧光法快速测定表层海水中的Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb

基于共沉淀的富集作用,采用自制的离心管离心沉淀,以手持式X-射线荧光仪(XRF)测定,由此建立了表层海水中Fe,Ni,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb的共沉淀-离心-XRF快速分析方法。测定时间为5 min/样;线性范围125μg/L～1 000μg/L,可以满足近岸表层海水中铁和锰的分析要求;基底加标200μg/L回收率为94.5%～116%;连续7次测定6种金属浓度均为500μg/L的海水加标样品,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.86%～5.85%。与ICP-MS法比较,测定结果无显著性差异。本方法具有化学试剂污染小、方便快捷、可现场快速测定方法等优点。该方法已成功应用于厦门西港和福建九龙江河口表层海水中可溶态铁锰的现场测定,并在现场以手持式XRF对颗粒物中铁锰进行了测定,获得了该海域颗粒物中和海水中铁锰的分布。     

污水厂二级出水中难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性

以城市污水处理厂二级出水为原水,研究臭氧化处理对水中难凝聚有机物的去除效果.结果表明单独混凝对水中有机物的去除率较低,混凝过程中未被去除的有机物属于难凝聚有机物,加入臭氧进行氧化,随着臭氧投加量的增加,二级出水色度和UV254去除率逐渐增大,而DOC去除率变化较小.当臭氧投加量(以O3/DOC计)增加至1.5 mg·mg-1时,色度、UV254和DOC的去除率分别为45%、34%和20%,说明臭氧易于与不饱和结构有机物反应,而直接氧化的矿化能力较弱.为进一步明确二级出水有机物种类和含量的变化,测定了混凝和不同臭氧投加量下有机物的相对分子质量和三维荧光光谱.结果表明混凝对有机物含量的影响很小,而臭氧能够优先氧化分解难凝聚有机物中的大分子物质,明显减弱腐殖质类物质的荧光峰强度,但不改变荧光峰位置.同时采用光电子能谱分析有机物结构的变化规律,结果表明混凝能够去除含羧基类官能团有机物,而臭氧则易于与含苯环类难凝聚有机物反应,随着臭氧投加量的增大,脂肪类饱和有机物含量有所升高.     

外绝缘用液体硅橡胶老化现象的微观表征

本文针对近年来出现在一些变电站SF6电压、电流互感器的液体硅橡胶绝缘护套出现龟裂老化这一现象,对发生老化的硅橡胶材料进行了性能测试和试验,并利用红外光谱分析、XPS分析、热失重等手段分析了其微观结构和物质组成的变化。研究发现老化后的液体硅橡胶中Si-C、Si-O官能团和Si、C、O元素的相对含量发生了变化,且随着老化程度的增加呈现出较为明显的规律,老化越严重,Si-C键含量越少,C元素的含量越少,O元素含量越多。本文认为,用官能团含量、元素相对含量可以准确地表征液体硅橡胶材料的老化程度。通过对不同老化程度的液体硅橡胶进行的憎水性、耐漏电起痕性能的试验也证实了本文的观点。     

X射线衍射法在有机药物研究中的运用

目前随着新药开发、研制过程中对测试方法要求的不断增高,X射线衍射法因其能快速准确地判断药物晶体而被广泛应用于有机药物研究的各个领域.通过对X射线衍射法中装样方法、θ角度和狭缝的选择等参数研究,以获得该方法测定有机药物成分的最佳工作条件,使该法能为有机药物测定提供满意的图谱和更准确的测定结果.