弹用O型硅橡胶密封圈失效机理及模型

目的利用日常收集到的使用数据来判断密封圈寿命,为预测弹药寿命提供依据。方法分析O型圈故障模式,引入了故障率经验公式。规范化O型密封圈的故障率公式,导出综合考虑了密封圈尺寸、接触应力与密封圈硬度、流体黏度、温度的密封圈故障率模型,并用算例验证这一模型的有效性。结果 O形硅胶密封圈的主要故障模式是泄漏,导出了综合考虑各因素后的密封圈故障率模型,并用该模型准确算出了某弹药的寿命。结论文中导出的故障率模型对于在弹药保障工作中评估某些种类弹药储存期限有借鉴意义。     

铜绿山矿冶废弃地优势植物重金属的积累与迁移

通过野外调查和取样分析,研究了大冶铜绿山矿冶废弃地鸭跖草等5种优势植物对重金属的吸收累积与迁移特性,以期为矿区退化生态系统的植被恢复、重金属污染土壤的治理等提供依据。结果表明,鸭跖草等5种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr都有程度不等的高量积累,尤其是铜元素,其最高积累量出现在海洲香薷根部,达到844.65 mg/kg,是一般植物Cu含量（5~25 mg/kg）的33.8~1689倍;而在同样条件下,As在5种植物体内的含量为018~098 mg/kg,远远低于As在一般植物中的含量（＜10 mg/kg）,这说明这些植物对As可能具有某种规避机制。从植物对重金属的吸收、富集和转运能力综合考虑,鸭跖草等5种植物都不太可能是重金属Cu等6种重金属的超累积植物。但是,它们对重金属所表现出的耐性无疑对矿冶废弃地的植被恢复过程有重要意义。     

Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of arsenic in an abandoned mine tailings of Korea

The mineralogical and chemical characteristics of As solid phases in arsenic-rich mine tailings from the Nakdong As–Bi mine in Korea was investigated. The tailings generated from the ore roasting process contained 4.36% of As whereas the concentration was up to 20.2% in some tailings from the cyanidation process for the Au extraction. Thin indurated layers and other secondary precipitates had formed at the surfaces of the tailings piles and the As contents of the hardened layers varied from 2.87 to 16.0%. Scorodite and iron arsenate (Fe₃AsO₇) were the primary As-bearing crystalline minerals. Others such as arsenolamprite, bernardite and titanium oxide arsenate were also found. The amorphous As–Fe phases often showed framboidal aggregates and gel type textures with desiccation cracks. Sequential extraction results also showed that 55.7–91.1% of the As in tailings were NH₄-oxalate extractable As, further confirmed the predominance of amorphous As–Fe solid phases. When the tailings were equilibrated with de-ionized water, the solution exhibited extremely acidic conditions (pH 2.01–3.10) and high concentrations of dissolved As (up to 29.5 mg L⁻¹), indicating high potentials for As to be released during rainfall events. The downstream water was affected by drainage from tailings and contained 12.7–522 μg L⁻¹ of As. The amorphous As–Fe phases in tailings have not entirely been stabilized through the long term natural weathering processes. To remediate the environmental harms they had caused, anthropogenic interventions to stabilize or immobilize As in the tailings pile should be explored.     

Health Risks Associated with Contamination of Groundwater by Abandoned Mines Near Twisp in Okanogan County, Washington, USA

Abandoned mines are known to contaminate private drinking water wells with toxic metals and arsenic (As). Little attention is given, however, to sites in rural areas with low population densities where natural, geogenic sources of contaminants might also occur. This study measured arsenic and trace element exposure among residents consuming water from wells adjacent to abandoned mines near Twisp, in Okanogan County, Washington, USA, estimated the risk of adverse health effects, and considered the degree of uncertainty associated with the assessed risk. Water samples were collected between October 1999 and June 2001. Average As concentrations ranged from <1 to 298 microg L(-1), lead (Pb) ranged from 0 to 94 microg L(-1), cadmium (Cd) 0-5 microg L(-1), and selenium (Se) 0-390 microg L(-1). Concentrations varied seasonally with maximum concentrations occurring in conjunction with snow-melt. The calculated risk of mortality from cancer following exposure to As at average concentrations as low as 8 microg L(-1) was greater than one in 10,000. Additional noncarcinogenic risks are associated with exposure to As, Cd, Pb and Se. A potentially affected population, estimated to be between 1000 and 1287 residents, live within a 6.5-km (4-mile) radius of the study site. This study emphasises the need to test drinking water wells in the vicinity of abandoned mines during times of maximum snow-melt to determine the extent of risk to human health. Residents drinking water from wells tested in this study who want to reduce the estimated carcinogenic risk and the noncarcinogenic hazard quotient should consider treating their water or find alternative sources.     

废弃泥浆无害化处理方法研究

由于钻井废弃泥浆丢弃会对环境造成严重污染,所以对废弃泥浆的无害化处理尤为重要.针对国内现有几种主要的无害化处理方法(固化处理、废弃泥浆的二次利用)进行了系统的分析研究,指出了固化处理在环境上存在的隐患,废弃泥浆的二次利用在推广上的缺陷,并在此基础上提出了土地处理法来处理废气泥浆,且简要的分析了在土地处理法的可行性以及其处理泥浆时在技术上需要注意的问题,最后得出该方法能较好的满足废弃泥浆的无害化处理;实现环境的可持续发展的要求.     

试析平朔露天煤矿废弃地复垦的新技术

从理论上初步分析了１９９１－１９９７年在平朔安太堡露天煤矿４００余ｈｍ＾２废弃地复垦中试用的新技术，包括黄土母质直接铺覆工艺，污染岩层包埋压埋工艺，堆状地面排土工艺，暂时性，过渡性，永久性水土保持措施，硬化与非硬化排水渠道，草，灌乔木合理配置模式。     

阿伦尼乌斯公式在弹箭贮存寿命评估中的应用

以某型号导弹舵机橡胶密封材料为例,阐述了弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的方法,分析了科学确定失效判据的重要性,介绍了自然环境试验和实验室加速老化试验在弹箭贮存寿命定量评估中的应用.重点论述了阿伦尼乌斯公式应用于弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的本质,详细说明了阿伦尼乌斯公式适用的反应及温度,强调了应用阿伦尼乌斯公式定量评估弹箭贮存寿命必须进...     

城市生态恢复规划的国外优秀案例借鉴

通过美国金郡的湿地恢复经验、普吉特海湾的雨水管理系统以及加拿大汤姆逊公园废弃地恢复规划案例借鉴国外城市生态恢复规划的重点环境生态策略、措施与后续维护方法、管理等,以国外经验启示我国生态恢复工作中应关注的重点。     

某弹药库房防雷设计方案

针对弹药库房危险性高、易受雷击等特点,笔者通过实地勘测,合理计算,科学地设计了直击雷、感应雷、雷电波侵入、静电等防护措施,并制定了具体的实施方案,对仓库的安全工作有一定的技术指导和借鉴作用。     

制导弹药火工品单应力水平加速寿命试验研究

准确判定火工品的剩余寿命,对制导弹药维修工作至关重要。从制导弹药储存的实际情况出发,阐述了适时对火工品实施加速寿命试验的必要性,分析了加速寿命试验中的加速应力、寿命分布、加速系数、应力水平和试验时间,最后结合火工品具有一定储存期和试验为单一应力水平的特点,从不同角度对试验数据处理进行了探讨,从而得出了更为准确的试验结果。