Nitrobenzene biodegradation ability of microbial communities in water and sediments along Songhua River after a nitrobenzene pollution event

More than 100 t of nitrobenzene (NB) and related compounds were discharged into the Songhua River, the fourth longest river in China, because of the world-shaking explosion of an aniline production factory located in Jilin City on November 13, 2005. As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river, NB biodegradation abilities of the microbes in the water and sediments from different river sections were evaluated systematically. The results indicated that microbial communities from any section of the river, including one section at the upper stream of the NB discharging point, had the ability to biodegrade NB under aerobic (for river water samples) conditions at 22±1℃ or anaerobic (for sediment samples) conditions at 10±1℃. NB degradation rates of microbial communities in the downstream sites were markedly higher than those in the upstream site, indicating that the NB degradation abilities were enhanced because of the pollution of NB. Aerobic degradation got neglected at a temperature of 10℃ or lower. The production of nitrosobenzene and aniline during the aerobic biodegradation suggested the existence of at least two different NB degradation pathways, and the occurrence of the catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene and the significant decrease of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indicated that NB could be mineralized under aerobic conditions. Although it was a fact that the river have frozen-up during the NB accident, it was speculated that biodegradation was not the major process responsible for the decrease of NB flux in the river.     

液氨泄漏事故模式比较研究

泄漏、扩散、点火这3个因素,在液氨泄漏源附近一定的时空范围内,按不同时序可以演变成BLEVE、喷射火、闪火、蒸气云爆炸和大气中扩散等5种事故后果模式。该文针对液氨的独特理化性质,对液氨泄漏及其在大气中扩散物理过程进行了分析,并通过算例对比研究了5种液氨事故模式的危害范围和程度,为预防液氨泄漏事故发生和液氨泄漏事故预警提供参考。     

Development of a 3D risk analysis technique for fire disaster and its application on accident simulation of a public site

In this research, we constructed a three-dimensional fire risk analysis technique (3D-FRAT) for common building fires. To demonstrate its effect, the 3D-FRAT employed a self-developed 3D risk-calculating module in combination with the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to simulate the Welcome Restaurant accident that happened on February 15, 1995 in Taichung City, Taiwan. This study only focuses on thermal radiation and provide a preliminary method to quantify a fire risk. Different firefighting equipment that comply with the related building and fire-preventive regulations have been used in the simulations to test their mitigating effectiveness on the accident. The results were shown by animation, 3D pictures, and sliced pictures to facilitate the researchers’ understanding of human hazards caused by thermal radiation or smoke in a specific fire accident. The minimal personnel escaping times for different hazardous factors were estimated; various firefighting designs that can reduce loss of human life and property were also perused. According to the simulation results, the individual risk values in Welcome Restaurant were between 3.108 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.719 × 10⁻⁵ (deaths/year). It is foreseeable that the 3D-FRAT can become a useful tool for related organizations to choose better fire-resistant buildings or fire-fighting equipment in the future.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。     

从2起典型火灾爆炸事故谈石化企业变更管理

对2起典型炼油、化工安全事故进行分析,指出加强石化企业变更管理的重要性,提出加强变更管理的建议措施。     

核电站FDA安全管理信息流系统模型的构建研究

为了从安全信息的角度完善核电站的事故致因机理,并在实践中加强核电站的安全管理,首先以安全信息为视角,以系统安全行为链为主线,建立核电站FDA安全管理信息流系统模型,该模型由运行操作人员、核电站企业、国家核安全局3条子链和1条必要安全信息主链构成;然后结合模型和核电站具体工作流程,分析得到3个子事故域和1个总事故域,并归纳出核电站安全运行各阶段所需的必要安全信息;最后结合事故域,分析模型在核电站安全管理中的实际应用价值。     

Effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on mortality due to road traffic accidents according to the type of victim,sex, and age in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil: An interrupted time series study

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of the Brazilian zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on mortality rates due to road traffic accidents according to the type of victim, sex, and age.

Methods: An interrupted time series design was used to compare yearly mortality rates due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, before and after the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law came into effect on June 19, 2008. Yearly mortality rates were compared according to the type of victim: pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist, and vehicle occupant. We used the Prais-Winsten procedure of autoregression in the analysis of time series; the outcome of this analysis was the annual percentage change in the rates. Overall and stratified analyses were conducted to investigate whether the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law may have had a distributional effect on mortality rates due to road traffic accidents depending on sex and age group; a significance level of P < .01 was accepted.

Results: From 1999 to 2016, there were 15,629 deaths due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro. The effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law on overall mortality rates due to road traffic accidents in Rio de Janeiro was not statistically significant. However, among cyclists and motorcyclists aged ≥60 years and among pedestrians of both sexes and aged ≥20 years, the effect of the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law was to decrease mortality due to road traffic accidents at a yearly rate.

Conclusion: There is evidence of reduced mortality rates due to road traffic accidents among cyclists and motorcyclists aged ≥60 years and among pedestrians of both sexes aged ≥20 years in the second major Brazilian capital 9 years after the zero-tolerance drinking and driving law was adopted.     

渣油加氢脱硫装置蒸气云爆炸后果研究

简要分析了渣油加氢脱硫装置火灾爆炸危险性,模拟了VRDS装置氢气泄漏后引发蒸气云爆炸的事故后果。通过分析计算蒸气云爆炸后对人员以及装置设备造成的伤害／破坏范围,指导设计人员以及操作人员制定必要的安全防范措施,将蒸气云爆炸的后果最小化。     

违章行为与心理因素分析

据统计,“三违”是安全生产事故的主要罪魁祸首。分析众多事故的原因,无外乎是由人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态造成的,而物的不安全状态归根到底也是人的因素造成的。违章行为是“三违”的表现,它不仅与安全意识淡薄、安全观念落后、安全文化素质及安全生产管理水平低下等因素有关,更重要的原因是人的心理因素,职工的心理隐患是不安全行为的潜在帮凶。研究人的心理因素对违章行为的影响,寻找出一套强化安全心理素质、调整心理因素的方法,对于提高职工的安全意识,杜绝违章行为,减少伤亡事故,保护人民群众的健康和生命财产安全,具有重要现实意义和指导意义的。     

安钢2 200 m3高炉下阀箱卡料事故分析与处理

分析了安钢2200m^3高炉由于炉顶下阀箱内插入漏斗脱位引起卡料事故的原因及处理这起事故的难点,重点介绍了这起突发性事故的处理方法,总结了避免此类事故发生的方法。