Traffic culture as symbol exchange - A cross-country comparison of Russia and Norway

The core aim of the study was to gain insight into the cross-country differences in traffic risk perception and driving behaviour and also how culture and cultural differences may influence perceived risk and risk behaviour by comparing a sample of the Russian population with a sample of the Norwegian population. A new measurement instrument aimed at measuring culture as symbol exchange was applied. Self-completion questionnaire surveys were carried out among representative samples of the Norwegian (n = 247) and the Russian (n = 299) population aged 18 years and over. The results showed that culture defined as symbol exchange was weakly associated with risk perception. It is suggested that research carried out to date on the role of culture in risk research may have focused on criterion variables which are not very relevant. However, while traffic safety culture does not seem to be important for risk perception, this study shows that it seems to be relevant for drivers’ risk behaviour and thus it is still relevant and important to focus on traffic culture in risk research despite the fact that culture does not predict perceived risk. As symbol exchange, the newly developed measure of traffic safety culture is capable of predicting drivers’ risk behaviour in traffic and is therefore a valid predictor of traffic safety.     

行人违规过街行为的激励理论模型

为减少行人违规过街现象,提高行人过街的安全性,从社会心理学角度研究行人违规过街行为的动因。基于内容型激励理论和过程型激励理论对行人违规过街的行为机理进行研究。首先,将行人过街需求按照不同的层次和类别划分为安全需要、省时省力需要、社会认同需要、尊重需要和自我实现需要。然后,基于期望理论,对行人违规过街行为激励水平、效价、期望值进行建模,得出行人违规过街的行为机理。最后,对模型结果的应用分析发现,通过降低违规过街需要的效价、增加交通规则制裁的期望和增加危险感知的期望能够减少行人的违规过街行为。     

基于主成分投影法的洪水灾情评价研究

洪水灾情等级的合理评估能够为防灾、减灾及备灾工作提供科学的依据,具有重要的现实意义。首先建立主成分投影法评价模型,并给出模型的基本步骤。以受灾面积、受灾人口数、破坏房屋面积和经济损失作为评价因子,构建洪水灾情的主成分投影评价模型。利用该模型,对新疆"96.7"洪水灾害中乌鲁木齐、塔城、博州、哈密、喀什和克州6个城市的灾情进行评价。结果表明:乌鲁木齐和塔城的洪水灾情被评估为重灾;博州、哈密、喀什和克州的洪水灾情被评估为中灾。这些评价结果与集对分析(SPA)理论、贝叶斯随机评价方法、灰色关联法和脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)模型评价结果完全一致。     

安全疏散中人群拥挤踩踏现象的理论和模拟分析

为研究出口宽度对人群拥挤踩踏事故发生的影响程度,以某礼堂为例,建立基于排队论的安全疏散模型,理论分析并数值模拟了出口宽度为2m和4m对人员疏散的影响。研究表明,在发生火灾进行人员安全疏散过程中,当平均服务率大于等于平均到达率时,人群疏散有序,疏散效率较高;然而当平均服务率小于平均到达率时,使得人流不畅,出口过于拥堵。并且理论计算和数值模拟获得的选取适当出口宽度结果一致。对于大型场馆的出口设计具有一定的参考价值。     

基于模糊集和改进TOPSIS方法的跑道侵入风险评估

为预防民航机场跑道侵入事件的发生,减轻塔台管制员面临的跑道运行安全的压力,根据国际民航组织(ICAO)颁布的《防止跑道侵入手册》描述的空中交通管制(ATC)因素,建立影响跑道侵入的ATC指标评价体系。首先运用模糊集理论建立评价模型,并计算子指标的模糊可能性值,其值反映所论子指标风险概率。其次,采用改进的TOPSIS方法进行验证,并计算子指标的信度效度值。结果表明,得出的子指标风险值与模糊可能性值的排序一致。最后,根据子指标风险值的大小提出防止跑道侵入事件发生的建议。     

基于FLUENT的掘进机外喷雾降尘系统相似参数的探讨

以某型纵轴式掘进机的喷雾系统为工程对象,研究系统的关键技术参数,运用量纲分析法推导出系统的相似准则得到相似比关系构建相似优化数学模型,利用Pro/E、GAMBIT工具箱、FLUENT进行建模、系统网格划分及仿真至迭代收敛,得到相似优化设计前后喷雾系统的相关实验数据与图形,最后在Tecplot中实现数据的后处理。通过仿真分析,验证了基于相似参数优化设计的喷雾系统模型的可行性,为掘进机喷雾系统的参数优化提供了一个新的思路和方法。     

基于改进灰关联分析法的埋地管道土壤腐蚀性评

为了评价埋地管道的土壤腐蚀性,提出了应用改进灰关联分析和熵权法相结合的土壤腐蚀性评价方法。首先,在统计分析土壤腐蚀性诱因的基础上,构建土壤腐蚀评价指标体系和评价标准;其次,应用改进灰关联分析法计算土壤腐蚀性等级的关联度,利用熵权法计算各指标权重。然后,根据最大关联度原则判定土壤腐蚀性等级。最后,选取我国某油田长输油管线周围两个土壤测试点作为工程实例,评价结果与实际情况吻合。研究结果表明:该方法能够准确反映埋地管道的土壤腐蚀性状况,计算简单,科学合理,具有较好地适用性。     

金属矿山地表沉陷的可拓评价预警

针对金属矿山地表沉陷灾害的预警问题,应用可拓学理论,建立基于物元和关联函数的矿山沉陷评价预警模型。选取沉陷密度、沉陷面积率、断层密度、覆层强度指标、深厚比、下沉系数6个预警指标,划分4级预警模式。根据各指标特征建立关联函数并计算关联度,结合德尔菲-层次分析法确定指标权重。选取我国4个典型金属矿山开展模型验证,获得各矿山地表沉陷的预警等级,与矿山实际情况对比分析认为评价结果具有较好的可信度。该方法操作简单,结果直观,为金属矿山的地表沉陷预警提供了新的思路。     

Give them what they want or give them what they need? Ideology in the study of leadership

In recent years, a number of new, values‐based, or ideological models focusing on leader behavior have been proposed. These models include authentic, servant, character‐based, ethical, spiritual, and aesthetic leadership. In the present effort, we argue that these models, despite some differences in key dimensions, are tied together by a focus on moral behavior. The available evidence indicates that these models have only modest predictive power with respect to organizational performance criteria. More centrally, we argue that tests of these models are characterized by significant methodological problems with respect to both measurement and control. Moreover, these models suffer from some serious substantive concerns, including the explicit confounding of leadership and morality, discounting of system impacts, inappropriate assumptions about follower needs, and inappropriate scientific inferences. These models also fail to provide viable new approaches for leader development. We conclude that caution must be exercised when these models are employed as a basis for understanding leadership. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物毒性和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-31G(d)基组水平上,对8个1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物分子进行了全优化计算,得到其轨道能(ENHOMO、ENLUMO以及二者轨道能隙ΔE2)、原子电荷(Q)等量子化学参数,以及热能校正值Eth、恒容热容Cv、熵S等热力学性质,并计算了8种1-取代-2-氨基苯并咪唑化合物分子的电性拓扑状态指数Em。通过最佳变量子集回归建立这些化合物毒性的QSAR模型,以及热力学性质的QSPR模型。模型的相关系数R2和采用逐一剔除法得到的交叉验证相关系数R2cv均大于0.84和0.72,利用2个模型得到毒性的预测值与实验值的误差分别为0.11和0.20,3个热力学性质预测模型的误差分别为3.89%、4.03%和2.64%,吻合度较好,经检验证明所建模型具有良好的鲁棒性和预测能力。研究工作揭示了基团对毒性大小影响的变化规律、有利于对苯并咪唑类化合物在生态环境中的危害性进行评价,可为研发高效、低毒的苯并咪唑类新型药物提供理论依据。