Bypassing the flush,creating new resources: analysing alternative sanitation futures in London

The flush toilet is an illogical form of sanitation from the point of view of water conservation, nutrient recovery and water pollution. Places such as London, with one of the oldest flushing toilet and sewer systems in the world, bears witness to the limits of its universal applicability through dwindling freshwater resources and polluted waterways. It is therefore important to develop new forms of sanitation infrastructure. An actor–network theory coevolution framework is used to explore and gain insights into the coevolution pathways for new types and paradigms of sanitation in London, where waterborne sanitation is currently prevalent. This approach shows that while flushing toilets are currently stable network configurations, there are coevolution pathways that would shift the system towards dry sanitation. The quantity of freshwater resources available for toilet flushing was the main actant cited for the development of these coevolution pathways.     

The influence of street level bureaucracy on the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment

A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation.     

套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的承载力理论研究∗

为研究套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的承载力理论计算分析方法,采用切线模量理论,根据材料本构关系和内外力平衡条件,推导了套箍加固RC轴压中长柱的弹塑性稳定承载力计算方法。将理论计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:理论计算值均低于实测值,且二者的偏差在15%以内。根据所推导的计算分析方法,研究了核心柱初始荷载水平β、柱子长细比l0/b、套箍层混凝土强度、套箍层配筋量四种参数对加固柱承载力Nu的影响规律,结果表明:Nu总体上随β增大而减小,当β<0.7时,减小趋势不够明显,β>0.7后,减小趋势变得明显;l0/b对Nu有明显影响,Nu随l0/b的增大而减小,但二者不是线性关系;Nu随套箍层混凝土强度提高而增大,随套箍层配筋量增大而增大。     

The power of reflection for would-be leaders: Investigating individual work reflection and its impact on leadership in teams

This paper examines the key role that individual work reflection plays in facilitating individuals' leadership in teams. Consistent with the functional perspective on leadership, we argue that individual work reflection allows individuals to better understand their team's needs, and therefore enact higher levels of task-, relational-, and change-oriented leadership behaviors and be more effective leaders in their teams. We first conducted a series of measure development studies to validate a measure of individual work reflection comprising four dimensions of reflection at work: goals-, methods-, relationships-, and self-focused reflection. Then, across two independent studies assessing individuals in self-managing teams over time, we found support for our theoretical model linking individual work reflection to peer-rated leadership behaviors (Main Studies 1 and 2) and leadership effectiveness (Main Study 2). In further support of our theorizing, Main Study 2 also indicates that individual work reflection shapes leadership behaviors and effectiveness via understanding the team's needs, beyond a wide range of related constructs (e.g., feedback seeking, mindfulness, and rumination), as well as commonly studied predictors of leadership behaviors (i.e., the Big Five). Our theory and empirical findings help advance insights on the role of individual work reflection in improving leadership outcomes in organizations.     

Application of game theory in risk management of urban natural gas pipelines

This paper presents a game theory methodology for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines, which is a collaborative participation mechanism of the stakeholders, including government, pipeline companies, and the public. Firstly, the involvement proportion of stakeholders in risk management under rational conditions is estimated by the static game theory. Subsequently, the system dynamics (SD) simulation is used to establish an evolution game model of stakeholders in risk management under the irrational conditions, in which the stability of the evolution game process is analyzed. The stakeholders’ involvement proportions from the static game model are utilized as the inputs for the evolution game model to simulate the dynamic evolution behavior of risk management strategies with different involvement proportions of stakeholders. Eventually, the dynamic evaluation game can extract an optimal strategy for risk management of urban natural gas pipelines. A case study is used to illustrate the methodology. In essence, this methodology can be extended for implementing risk management of urban infrastructure.     

不同环境因子对纳米羟基磷灰石在饱和填充柱中迁移规律的影响

选用石英砂填充柱模拟土壤体系,通过测量纳米羟基磷灰石（Nano-HAP）ζ电位、出流比等来考察不同环境因素（腐殖酸浓度、pH和离子强度）对其在饱和石英砂柱中迁移规律的影响.结果表明,随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,Nano-HAP胶体的ζ电位相应增加（绝对值增加）,吸附效率（α）相应降低,当溶液中腐殖酸浓度由0增加为10 mg/...     

基于变权的城镇用地扩展生态适宜性空间模糊评价——以江苏省太仓市为例

城镇用地生态适宜性评价有助于引导城镇用地合理扩展。针对传统评价方法的不足及生态适宜性的模糊性,提出基于局部惩罚型变权的空间模糊综合评价方法,并选择7项生态适宜性影响因素,在GIS软件的支持下对江苏省太仓市城镇用地的生态适宜性进行综合评判。结果显示,变权模型可灵活而合理地处理各评价单元各因素的权重值;研究区内适宜、基本适宜、较不适宜和不适宜于城镇扩展的土地分别占土地面积的25.89%、8.35%、37.43%和28.33%,其生态敏感性评价结果及其空间分布与实际相符,通过生态敏感性综合分值的比较可为城镇用地扩展区位选择提供依据。研究表明,基于变权的空间模糊综合评价凸显了"瓶颈"因素的否决作用,更能精确、合理地反映城镇用地扩展的生态适宜性状况。     

基于盲数理论的水体沉积物重金属污染评价模型

针对污染风险评价系统多种不确定信息共存的特点,将盲数理论引入污染评价领域,建立基于盲数理论的地累积指数评价模型.用盲数表示沉积物污染物浓度和地球化学背景值,并通过盲数可靠性分析BM模型和隶属度加权计算得出重金属污染程度等级.将该模型应用于洞庭湖水系沉积物重金属污染的评价,结果表明,这些重金属的富集程度由高至低排列的顺序为:Cd>Cr=Cu=Zn=Hg=As>Pb,Cd是洞庭湖沉积物污染的主要环境污染因子.该模型算出了重金属地累积指数的可能值区间,并且得出与其相对应的可信度水平,进而定量计算出重金属隶属于各污染程度的可能性,它弥补了传统确定性方法的不足,更真实、更客观地表征了评价区域沉积物重金属的富集污染程度.     

我国农产品主产区土地可持续利用评价

农产品主产区土地利用的可持续性状况直接关乎国家的粮食安全。综合资源环境、经济和社会要素,构建了以县域为单元的土地可持续利用评价指标体系,基于变权理论,评价分析了我国8个农产品主产区土地可持续利用现状及其动态。结果表明:各农产品主产区的土地资源环境、经济和社会可持续性的空间分布呈现明显差异。资源环境优良、人均GDP较高的四川盆地、黄淮海平原和长江中游及江淮地区的土地资源环境和经济可持续性均明显高于其他地区,尤其是生态脆弱的新疆和内蒙古东部地区;黄淮海平原、长江中游及江淮地区和松嫩平原90%以上的县域土地利用社会可持续性达到较高度及以上水平。2000-2008年间,各农产品主产区的土地经济和社会可持续性变幅要高于资源环境可持续性的变幅。四川盆地、松嫩平原、三江平原和黄淮海平原土地资源环境可持续性增强,其较高度及以上水平的县域个数比例增加10个百分点以上,华南蔗果区、新疆和内蒙古东部区则减弱,而各农产品主产区土地经济可持续性均有不同程度的提高。同时,黄淮海平原的水资源负载指数增加,四川盆地和长江中游及江淮地区进一步激化的人地矛盾和华南蔗果区城乡收入差距增大等现象值得关注。     

鱼组合测废水急性毒性技术的特点与理论基础

文章简要论述了国内外工业废水的鱼类急性毒性试验技术的发展和现状。运用3～5种小型鱼类组合技术方法对数十家企业工业废水进行急性毒性测试,可显著提高该技术方法毒性测试的灵敏性和毒性判断的可靠性,并显著缩短试验时间。根据工业废水组分及生物毒性的复杂性,以及不同鱼类对同一毒性和同一种鱼类对不同毒性的敏感反应具有差异性的特点,着重探讨和论述了支持用多种鱼组合(同时)测试工业废水急性毒性的理论基础。