Comparing spatial conservation prioritization methods with site- versus spatial dependency-based connectivity

Larval dispersal is an important component of marine reserve networks. Two conceptually different approaches to incorporate dispersal connectivity into spatial planning of these networks exist, and it is an open question as to when either is most appropriate. Candidate reserve sites can be selected individually based on local properties of connectivity or on a spatial dependency-based approach of selecting clusters of strongly connected habitat patches. The first acts on individual sites, whereas the second acts on linked pairs of sites. We used a combination of larval dispersal simulations representing different seascapes and case studies of biophysical larval dispersal models in the Coral Triangle region and the province of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, to compare the performance of these 2 methods in the spatial planning software Marxan. We explored the reserve design performance implications of different dispersal distances and patterns based on the equilibrium settlement of larvae in protected and unprotected areas. We further assessed different assumptions about metapopulation contributions from unprotected areas, including the case of 100% depletion and more moderate scenarios. The spatial dependency method was suitable when dispersal was limited, a high proportion of the area of interest was substantially degraded, or the target amount of habitat protected was low. Conversely, when subpopulations were well connected, the 100% depletion was relaxed, or more habitat was protected, protecting individual sites with high scores in metrics of connectivity was a better strategy. Spatial dependency methods generally produced more spatially clustered solutions with more benefits inside than outside reserves compared with site-based methods. Therefore, spatial dependency methods potentially provide better results for ecological persistence objectives over enhancing fisheries objectives, and vice versa. Different spatial prioritization methods of using connectivity are appropriate for different contexts, depending on dispersal characteristics, unprotected area contributions, habitat protection targets, and specific management objectives. Comparación entre los métodos de priorización de la conservación espacial con sitio y la conectividad espacial basada en la dependencia     

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations’ motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.     

露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为研究——以抚顺西露天矿区为例

为探究露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素,基于社会认知理论视角,引入中介变量个人规范,将应急安全疏散行为划分为应急安全疏散遵守行为和参与行为,构建露天矿区突发地质灾害公众应急安全疏散行为影响因素理论模型,并以抚顺西露天矿区周边居民为调查对象,依据272份有效样本进行结构方程实证检验.结果表明:露天矿区突发...     

生态系统服务的三元价值理论及在大尺度生态补偿上的应用探讨

传统的生态系统服务价值评估方法在生态补偿具体实践中仍存在一些困境。本研究提出生态系统服务功能的三元价值理论,通过能值方法剥离纯自然贡献带来的服务价值、自然贡献和人类投入共同作用形成的服务价值及基于人类偏好的存在价值这三类价值,通过自然贡献可以确定生态补偿的理论基线,而人工投入(基于人类投入绩效的支付)和存在价值(基于偏好的支付)可对基线进行二级修正,进一步提出了利用三元价值理论系统解决"生态系统服务—受益区—补偿方式—补偿标准—受偿主体"问题的生态补偿路径。     

基于信息扩散理论的火灾风险评估模型研究及其应用

城市火灾事故不断发生,严重威胁着人们的生命安全。当火灾样本数目较少时,针对传统统计模型难以胜任的特点,引入了信息扩散理论,给出了火灾风险评估的实用模型,并以某市为例进行火灾风险评估。结果表明,该方法简单易行,分析结果意义清楚,具有一定的现实意义,为防火抗灾提供了依据。     

用于直升机蒙皮修复的EA9396和HT6119胶粘剂的环境适应性研究

目的 通过测试不同胶粘剂在不同温度及不同环境介质中的粘结强度,研究胶粘剂的环境适应性,为直升机复合材料胶接维修提供工艺参考和数据支撑。方法 选取HYSOLEA9396（美国汉高）和HUITIAN HT6119（中国回天）2种胶粘剂,测试其黏度、适用期、挥发性、玻璃化转变温度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度等基本性能,并使用金属–金属胶接方式,在不同温度下和不同环境介质（普通大气、水、航空液压油、RP-3煤油、盐雾和湿热）中,测试其拉伸剪切性能。结果 随温度升高,2种胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能均发生下降。在121℃前,HT6119胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能优于EA9396胶粘剂;121℃（含）至149℃间EA9396胶粘剂拉伸剪切性能优于HT6119胶粘剂;当温度上升至177℃时,两者的性能相当。2种胶粘剂在不同环境介质均有较好的胶接性能,HT6119胶粘剂除了在航空液压油和盐雾条件下的拉伸剪切性能略低于EA9396胶粘剂外,其他环境条件下都优于EA9396胶粘剂。结论 EA9396和HT6119胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能均随温度升高而下降,EA9396在中低温下的胶粘性能较好,HT6119在高温条件下胶粘...     

深海压力–流速耦合环境下基于灰色系统理论的有机涂层寿命预测研究

目的 建立深海压力–流速耦合环境下有机涂层的寿命预测模型,并预测有机涂层在该环境下的服役寿命。方法 首先针对涂层的湿态附着力变化结果,基于灰色系统理论,建立湿态附着力的GM(1,1)模型。随后再基于耦合环境下的试验结果,建立涂层水传输的扩散模型。最后,在此基础上,利用灰色关联分析方法,计算这2种失效影响因素在涂层失效过程中所占的权重因子,并基于这2个影响因素建立涂层失效的数学模型。结果 经过数学统计验证和试验结果对比验证,该模型精度良好,可靠性高。结论 该模型能够对深海压力–流速耦合环境下有机涂层的寿命进行准确预测。     

基于UMT模型的幸福河绩效评价及障碍因子诊断

基于马斯洛需求层次理论,建立包含健康之河、平安之河、富民之河、和谐之河、文化之河、宜居之河6个层级的幸福河评价指标体系,结合未确知测度理论(Unascertained measure theory,UMT))与障碍诊断模型,以黄河甘肃段、宁夏段、内蒙古段为例,分析其2015-2019年幸福河建设绩效并分别对阻碍幸福河建...     

``Würde der Kreatur' and the Common Morality

If respect for the dignity ofnon-human creatures is to be an element of publicpolicy it needs, as a first step, to be assimilatedinto the common morality. It is suggested that suchrespect may be based on several philosophicalpremises. Limiting the discussion to sentient animals,the paper reviews three of these: the concept ofanimal telos; the application of Rawlsiancontractarianism to the case of non-human animals asmoral patients; and human attitudes to animals in thelight of virtue theory. Consideration is then given tothe extent to which, by accommodating respect for thedignity of animals within the common morality, theseprinciples might find more substantive expression inpublic policy.     

基于复杂网络的内河船舶碰撞事故致因分析

为了探明内河船舶碰撞事故致因内在联系,基于船舶碰撞事故调查报告,从人-机-环-管视角构建事故致因复杂网络模型。运用“2-4”模型从人-机-环-管视角识别和提取事故致因,采用事故树方法分析调查报告中碰撞事故过程,提取内河船舶碰撞事故致因链,利用复杂网络理论融合多事故致因链,构建包括36个节点、123条边在内的事故致因网络,计算致因网络拓扑特征参数,定量分析内河船舶碰撞事故致因之间相互作用。研究结果表明：疏忽瞭望、错误估计碰撞危险、安全管理不到位、船员不适任、船与船通信信息不足、未及时行动是内河船舶碰撞事故的关键致因。同时,内河船舶碰撞致因网络是1个无标度网络,且具有小世界特性,表明事故致因之间连锁效应明显,管控上述关键致因可有效预防碰撞事故。研究结果可为预防内河船舶碰撞事故、提高内河航运管理水平提供参考。