不同来源的海州香薷和野胡萝卜的铜抗性及铜积累差异

以来自矿区(铜绿山和赤马山铜矿)和非矿区(红安、武汉严西湖)的海州香薷和野胡萝卜种群为对象,通过土培实验,研究了2种植物的铜抗性及铜吸收积累差异.结果显示,来自矿区的海州香薷和野胡萝卜种群的铜抗性都明显高于非矿区种群,但2种植物种群的铜吸收积累特征明显不同:海州香薷植物吸收的Cu主要集中在根中,但矿区种群吸收积累的铜量明显低于非矿区种群;而野胡萝卜吸收的Cu主要集中在地上部分(地上部分的Cu富集量是根的1.5倍),但积累的铜量在矿区和非矿区种群间没有明显的差异.因此,来自矿区的海州香薷可能进化为铜避性对策,而野胡萝卜的铜抗性与其吸收积累的总量没有明显的关系,但有很好的向地上运输能力.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.     

Meter-scale variation within a single transect demands attention to taxon accumulation curves in riverine microbiome studies

● Riverine microbiomes exhibited hyperlocal variation within a single transect. ● Certain family-level taxa directionally associated with river center and bank. ● Taxon accumulation curves within a transect urges more nuanced sampling design. Microbial communities inhabiting river ecosystems play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling and pollution attenuation. Spatial variations in local microbial assemblages are important for detailed understanding of community assembly and developing robust biodiversity sampling strategies. Here, we intensely analyzed twenty water samples collected from a one-meter spaced transect from the near-shore to the near-center in the Meramec River in eastern Missouri, USA and examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Riverine microbiomes across the transect exhibited extremely high similarity, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients above 0.9 for all pairwise community composition comparisons. However, despite the high similarity, PERMANOVA revealed significant spatial differences between near-shore and near-center communities (p = 0.001). Sloan’s neutral model simulations revealed that within-transect community composition variation was largely explained by demographic stochasticity (R² = 0.89). Despite being primarily explained by neutral processes, LefSe analyses also revealed taxa from ten families of which relative abundances differed directionally from the bank to the river center, indicating an additional role of environmental filtering. Notably, the local variations within a river transect can have profound impacts on the documentation of alpha diversity. Taxon-accumulation curves indicated that even twenty samples did not fully saturate the sampling effort at the genus level, yet four, six and seven samples were able to capture 80% of the phylum-level, family-level, and genus-level diversity, respectively. This study for the first time reveals hyperlocal variations in riverine microbiomes and their assembly mechanisms, demanding attention to more robust sampling strategies for documenting microbial diversity in riverine systems.     

基于颗粒污泥的短程反硝化USB反应器启动和运行研究

在2个相同的USB反应器(R1无载体,R2采用多孔生物填料为载体)中构建了短程反硝化工艺,对R1和R2NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化性能、短程反硝化颗粒污泥物化特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)产生特性以及微生物功能菌群主要特征进行差异分析.结果表明,反应器运行81d,氮负荷(NLR)为1.2kg/(m³·d)时,NO₃^--N→NO₂^--N转化率(NTR) R2(85%)高于R1(80%);载体颗粒污泥(R2)沉降性能优于自固定化颗粒污泥(R1)且载体颗粒污泥(R2)更容易截留EPS,PN/PS值R1(1.29)>R2(1.15),污泥体积指数(SVI) R1(27.07mL/g MLSS)>R2(19.36mL/g MLSS);扫描电镜发现R1污泥表面聚集长杆菌,R2污泥表面聚集短杆菌和球菌,与R1相比R2颗粒污泥结构更加规则密实.微生物高通量测序结果表明,R2物种丰富度和多样性高于R1,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门在短程反硝化系统中占主导地位,R1和R2主要NO₂^--N积累功能菌属均为Acinetobacter属(R1-59.18%、R2-46.04%)和Thauera属(R1-6.81%、R2-5.99%).     

黑色岩系地质高背景区土壤锌富集特征与环境活性

锌（Zn）既是生物体必需元素又是有害元素，在复合污染的情况下，Zn在植物吸收、转运和富集镉的过程中发挥着重要作用。以往研究主要关注镉的活性，忽略了Zn的环境活性。基于此，本研究以黑色岩系地质高背景区自然富Zn土壤为对象，重点研究了土壤Zn的活性态和潜在活性态，讨论了Zn活性的影响因素和环境意义。结果表明，研究区土壤Zn富集，平均含量可达457 mg/kg，80%的土壤样品超过我国农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。CaCl₂提取态Zn含量平均值为0.92 mg/kg，平均提取率仅为0.26%，说明研究区土壤Zn的生物活性低，且随着pH升高而降低。EDTA提取态Zn的平均含量为12.7 mg/kg，平均提取率为2.74%，潜在有效态比例也较低。活性态在潜在活性态中占比为7.63%，活化潜力较大，且随着土壤pH的升高而降低。研究区土壤溶液中Zn∶Cd比较低，可能有利于植物对镉的吸收。开展土壤Zn活性的研究，对理解复合污染区土壤镉的活性变化及调控具有重要意义。